Table 1.

Overview of outcomes, outcome measures, instruments and assessment time points

Outcomes	Outcome measures	Instruments	Assessment time points
Personal information	• Age, sex, education, clinical history, medication	• Self reports	• T0, T1, T2
Frailty assessments	• Frailty status (pre-frail, frail) • Frailty Index	• Frailty Phenotype • Frailty Index	• T0, T1, T2 • T0, T1, T2
Brain plasticity in the sensorimotor and somatosensory system	• Structural and functional parameters of cortical sensorimotor and somatosensory maps • MEP peak-to-peak amplitude and latency	• fMRI motor sequence task, fMRI somato-sensory mapping task • TMS at left primary motor cortex	• T0, T1 • T0, T1
Biological markers of neuroplasticity	• BDNF serum blood levels (ng/ml)	• Collection of blood samples	• T0, T1
Sensorimotor performance	• SPPB (total score) • CTSIB (total score) • PPT (means)	• SPPB • CTSIB • PPT	• T0, T1, T2 • T0, T1 • T0, T1, T2
Sensory functioning	• Visual acuity • Visual contrast sensitivity • Tactile grating thresholds • Fine-touch thresholds • Hearing thresholds	• FrACT • FrACT • JVP domes • Von-Frey filaments • Audiometer	• T0, T1, T2 • T0, T1, T2 • T0, T1, T2 • T0, T1 • T0, T1
Cognitive testing	• MMSE (total score) • Mental and motor response speed • Top-down attentional control • Visuospatial working memory capacity • Executive functioning	• MMSE • RTI • AST • SSP • IED	• T0, T1, T2 • T0, T1 • T0, T1, T2 • T0, T1 • T0, T1
Functional level and quality of life	• Functional level in frailty • Depression • Overall health status and quality of life • Functional capacity in everyday activities • Falls self-efficacy • Nutritional status	• FEFA • CES-D • SF-36, EQ-5D-5L • MKS • FES-I • MNA	• T0, T1, T2 • T0, T1 • T0, T1, T2 • T0, T1 • T0, T1, T2 • T0, T1

AST Attention Switching Task, BDNF Brain-derived neurotrophic factor, CES-D Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, CTSIB Clinical Test of Sensory Integration of Balance, EQ-5D-5L EuroQol-5D-5L, FEFA Frail Elderly Functional Assessment, FES-I Falls Efficacy Scale – International Version, fMRI Functional magnetic resonance imaging, FrACT Freiburg Vision Test, IED Intra-Extra Dimensional Set Shift, MEP Motor-evoked potential, MKS Marburg Competency Scale (Marburger Kompetenz Skala), MMSE Mini Mental State Examination, MNA Mini Nutritional Assessment, PPT Purdue Pegboard Test, RTI Reaction Time, SF-36 Short Form-36 Health Survey, SPPB Short Physical Performance Battery, SSP Spatial Span, T0 Baseline assessment, T1 Assessment 1 after 60 days, T2 Assessment 2 after 90 days, TMS Transcranial magnetic stimulation