Table 2.
Intraoperative characteristics of patients receiving opioid-free anaesthesia (OFA) or opioid-based anaesthesia (OBA)
| All patients (n = 80) | OFA (n = 40) | OBA (n = 40) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anaesthesia time, min | 270 [210–316] | 293 [222–321] | 258 [210–306] | 0.38 |
| Maximal target effect-site concentration of propofol for induction, μg.mL−1 | 2.5 [2.0-3.0] | 2.0 [1.0–2.0] | 3.0 [3.0–4.0] | < 0.01 |
| Lowest heart rate before CPB | 55 [47-60] | 55 [48–60] | 55 [45–64] | 0.74 |
| CPB time, min | 80 [66–103] | 82 [68–103] | 79 [63–105] | 0.81 |
| Type of surgery | ||||
| Valvular surgery | 31 (39) | 14 (35) | 17 (43) | 0.49 |
| CABG | 22 (28) | 14 (35) | 8 (20) | 0.13 |
| Combined | 25 (31) | 11 (28) | 14 (35) | 0.47 |
| Ascending aorta | 2 (3) | 1(3) | 1 (3) | > 0.99 |
| Intraoperative fluid, ml.kg−1 | 15 [9–23] | 14 [8–23] | 17 [10–22] | 0.43 |
| RBC transfusion | 25 (31) | 11 (28) | 14 (35) | 0.47 |
| Urapidil use | 3 (4) | 3 (8) | 0 (0) | 0.08 |
| Atropine use | 2 (3) | 0 (0) | 2 (5) | 0.15 |
| Vasopressors requirements | ||||
| Norepinephrine (IV infusion) | 40 (50) | 17 (43) | 23 (58) | 0.18 |
| Norepinephrine (boluses) | 29 (36) | 17 (43) | 12 (30) | 0.24 |
| Ephedrine | 9 (11) | 1 (3) | 8 (20) | 0.03 |
| Inotropes use* | 9 (11) | 4 (10) | 5 (13) | 1.00 |
Data are presented as median [interquartile range] or number (%) of subjects. CPB: cardiopulmonary bypass; CABG coronary artery bypass graft, RBC red blood cell; *: dobutamine and/or milrinone. P value refers to comparison between OFA and OBA groups