Table 4.
Summary of imaging platforms used for the detection of a range of human cancers.
| Biomarker (Target) | Ligand | Imaging platform | Status | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Breast cancer | ||||
| gC1q receptor p32 protein | Peptide, CGNKRTRGC (LyP1) | Bi2S3-LyP-1 | In vitro/in vivo | [223] |
| Phosphatidylserine (PS) | monoclonal antibody (mAb), PGN635 | PGN-L-IO/DiR | In vitro/in vivo | [224] |
| urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) | Amino-terminal fragments (ATF) | NIR830-ATF-IONP | In vivo | [225] |
| Epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) | Aptamer | Apt-QD-Nut-NPs | In vitro/in vivo | [226] |
| Macrophage mannose receptor (MMR; CD206) | Anti-CD206 Ab | Dye-anti-CD206 | In vitro/in vivo | [227] |
| CD44 | Hyaluronic acid | HA-dOG-PTX-PM | In vivo | [228] |
| HER2 | Trastuzumab | 89Zr-Trastuzumab | Clinical trial | [229] |
| Gastrin releasing peptide (GRP) receptors | Bombesin (BBN) | DSPION-BBN | In vitro/in vivo | [230] |
| Chemokine Receptor CXCR4 | Pentixafor | 68Ga-Pentixafor | In vitro/in vivo | [231] |
| Sodium iodide symporter (NIS)-mediated nuclear reporter | I-124 | I-124 | In vitro/in vivo | [232] |
| CD146 | YY146 Ab | 64Cu-NOTA-YY146 | In vitro/in vivo | [163] |
| CD38 | IgG Ab | 89Zr-Df-IgG | In vitro/In vivo | [233] |
| Subtype somatostatin receptor 2 (SSTR2) | PA1 peptide | 68Ga-DOTA-PA1 | In vitro/In vivo | [234] |
| CD30 | Brentuximab vedotin (BV) | 89Zr-Df-BV | In vitro/In vivo | [235] |
| Monoclonal antibody, h173 | mAb, h173 | 64Cu-DOTA-h173 | In vitro/In vivo | [236] |
| Colorectal cancer | ||||
| Translocator protein (TSPO) | [18F] FEPPA (N-acetyl-N-(2-[18F]-fluoroethoxyben-zyl)-2-phenoxy-5-pyridinamine) | TSPO-PET tracer [18F] FEPPA | In Vitro | [237] |
| VEGFR-1 and NRP-1 (neuropilin-1) | CPQPRPLC Peptide | [99mTc] Tc-HYNIC-D(LPR) peptide for SPECT imaging | In vitro/In vivo | [238] |
| Metastatic SW620 membrane protein | SW620-specific DNA aptamer | Aptamer XL-33 | In vitro/Ex vivo | [239] |
| EpCAM | Anti EpCAM mAb | UCNP@SiO2 Rose Bengal (RB)- Linker-Protein G (LPG)-Anti EpCAM | In vitro | [240] |
| Colon cancer secretedprotein-2 (CCSP-2) | Anti-CCSP-2 antibody | Anti-CCSP-2 antibody-FPR-675 | In vitro/In vivo | [241] |
| Hexosaminidase | Probe for β-galactosidase | Hexosaminidase (HMRef-βGlcNAc) | In vitro/Ex vivo | [242] |
| Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) | Anti-CEA Ig G | IgG-conjugated fluorescent nanoparticles | In vivo | [243] |
| Claudin-1 | RTSPSSR Peptide | Cy5.5- a GGGSK Linker-Peptide | In vivo | [244] |
| Delta-like ligand 4 (Dll4) | Dll4 mAb (61B) | 61B-DOTA-64Cu PET probe | In vitro/In vivo | [245] |
| Prostate cancer | ||||
| PSMA | HBED (PSMA-targeted probe) | 68Ga-HBED-CC PSMA PET | In vivo (PCa patients) | [246] |
| PSMA | Anti-PASMA Ab | QD- PEG -PSMA Ab | In vivo | [247] |
| Gastric-releasing peptide receptors (GRPR) | Bombesin (BBN) | BBN-conjugated Cy5.5 - N-acetyl histidine - Glycol chitosan NPs | In vitro/In vivo | [248] |
| PSMA | xPSM-A9 and xPSM-A10 (RNA aptamers)/RGD/Ab | G4.5 PAMAM dendrimer- iron oxide | In vitro/In vivo | [249] |
| SPARC glycoprotein | M13 filamentous bacteriophage | M13-SBP-MNP | In vitro/In vivo | [250] |
| Androgen receptor (AR) | Peptide SP204 | Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs- SP204 | In vitro/In vivo | [183] |
| Prostate stem cell antigen (PSCA) | Anti PSCA mAb | GO-DEN(Gd-DTPA)-mAb | In vivo | [251] |
| Gastric-releasing peptide receptors (GRPR) | Bombesin (BBN) analogue (named SCH1) based on JMV594 peptide | 68Ga-NODAGA-SCH1 | In vitro/In vivo | [252] |
| Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) | Ab clone (1A2G11) | 64Cu-NOTA-1A2G11 | In vitro/In vivo | [253] |
| urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) | AE105 Ab | 64Cu-DOTA-AE105 | In vitro/In vivo | [254] |
| GRPR | Peptides NOTA-BBN2 | 68Ga-NOTA-BBN2 | in vivo | [255] |
| Pancreatic cancer | ||||
| CD47 | iExosomes | iExosomes | In vitro/In vivo | [256] |
| Bombesin (BN) receptors | BN peptide | BN-CLIO(Cy5.5) | In vivo | [257] |
| Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) | TLR2 agonists | TLR2 agonists-IR800CW | In vitro | [258] |
| Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF1) receptor | IGF1 | IGF1-IONP-Dox | In vitro/In vivo | [189] |
| Claudin-4 | Anti-Claudin-4 | QDs- anti-Claudin-4 | In vitro | [259] |
| uPAR | Amino-terminal fragment (ATF) peptide | ATF-IONP-(GFLG)-Gem | In vitro/In vivo | [260] |
| KRAS2 mRNA | KRAS2 PNA-D (Cys-Ser-Lys-Cys) | [111In]DOTAn-Poly (diamidopropanoyl) m-KRAS2 PNA-D(Cys-Ser-Lys-Cys) | In vivo | [261] |
| Neurotensin receptors (NTRs) | Neurotensin (NT) | Aluminum-18F-NOTA-NT | In vivo | [262] |
| CA19.9 | Anti-CA19.9 Ab 5B1 | 89Zr-5B1 | In vivo | [263] |
| Bladder cancer | ||||
| CD44 | CD44v6 Ab | Liposomal nanoprobe | In vivo | [264] |
| CD47 | CD47 Ab | Antibody-functionalized SERS nanoparticles | In vitro/In vivo | [265] |
| Prostate stem cell antigen (PSCA) | Anti PSCA mAb | QD-PSCA | In vitro | [266] |
| Carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) | Anti-CAIX Ab | Anti-CAIX-Qdot625 | In vitro/ ex vivo | [267] |
| Argininosuccinate synthetase 1 (ASS1) | Fluoro-L-thymidine (FLT) | [18F]-fluoro-L-thymidine (FLT) | In vitro/In vivo | [268] |
| CD47 | CD47 Ab | Anti-CD47-FITC | In vivo | [200] |
| IL-5Rα | mAb A14 | 64Cu-A14 | In vitro/In vivo | [269] |
| Brain cancer | ||||
| Transferrin receptor | Transferrin peptide (Tfpep) | Tfpep-Au NPs | In vitro | [270] |
| TfR & HER2 | Poly (β-l-malic acid) polymeric nano-imaging agents (NIAs) | Gadolinium-DOTA- Poly (β-l-malic acid) polymeric nano-imaging agents (NIAs) | In vitro/In vivo | [271] |
| EGFR & CD105 | Denoted as Bs-F (ab) 2] | 64Cu-NOTA-Bs-F (ab)2 | In vitro/In vivo | [272] |
| Lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP) receptors & αvβ3 | Angiopep-2 peptides & cyclic [RGDyK] peptides | PAMAM-G5 dendrimer | In vitro/In vivo | [273] |
| LRP-1 | ANG | ANG -Tetrahedral DNA nanostructures (TDNs) | In vivo | [274] |
| LRP-1 | Angiopep-2 (ANG, TFFYGGSRGKRNNFKTEEY) | ANG/PLGA/DTX/ICG | In vitro/In vivo | [275] |
| CD146 | YY146, a high affinity anti-CD146 mAb | 89Zr-Df-YY146 | In vitro/ex vivo | [276] |
| Ovarian cancer | ||||
| IL-16 | anti-IL-16 Ab | Microbubbles- anti-IL-16 | In vivo | [277] |
| Death receptor 6 (DR6) | Anti-chicken DR6 Ab | Microbubbles-anti-chicken DR6 Ab | In vivo | [278] |
| CD276 | Anti-CD276 Ab | Microbubbles- anti-CD276 Ab | In vivo | [279] |
| HER2 | Trastuzumab | 89Zr-trastuzumab | In vivo | [280] |
| HER3 | HER3-antibody RG7116 | 89Zr-RG7116 | Phase I | [281] |
| Mesothelin | Anti-Mesothelin nanobody (NbG3a) | NbG3a-IONP | In vivo | [282] |
| HER-2 | anti-HER-2 mAb | Optical viral ghosts (OVGs)-ICG-anti-HER-2 | In vitro/In vivo | [283] |
| Cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) | P6 | [18F]-P6 | In vivo | [284] |
| Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) | FluorThanatrace (FTT) | [18F] FTT | In vitro/in vivo | [285] |