Table 1.
Literature Review of Reported Cell Retention and Related Functional Recovery
| Delivery Route | Species and Setting | Transplanted Cell Type | Cell Retention Rate, % | Time Point | Quantification Method | Functional Recovery | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intracoronary injection | Pig MI model | Bone marrow mononuclear cells | 1.0±0.8 | 1 h | Radiolabeling+PET‐CT | No data available | Mitsutake et al; 2017 13 |
| Pig MI model | Cardiac‐derived progenitor cells | 18 | 4 h | Radiolabeling+PET‐CT | ↑ LVEF | Crisostomo et al; 2019 14 | |
| Pig MI model | Mesenchymal stem cells | 13.74 | 4 h | Radiolabeling+nuclear imaging | No data available | Gathier et al; 2019 15 | |
| Pig MI model | Mesenchymal stem cells | 1.7±0.1 | 3 h | Luciferase/GFP labeling+bioluminescence/fluorescence microscopy | ↑ LVEF | Zlabinger et al; 2018 16 | |
| Pig MI model | Peripheral blood mononuclear cells | 2.6±0.3 | 1 h | Radiolabeling+γ‐emission counting | No data available | Hou et al; 2005 17 | |
| Pig I/R model | Cardiac stem/progenitor cells | 17.4±4.1 | 4 h | Radiolabeling+PET‐CT | No data available | Collantes et al; 2017 18 | |
| Patients with nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy | CD34+ stem cell | 7.1±1.5 | 2 h | Radiolabeling+single‐photon emission CT | ↑ LVEF | Vrtovec et al; 2013 19 | |
| Patients with nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy | CD34+ stem cell | 5.3±1.3 | 18 h | Radiolabeling+single‐photon emission CT | ↑ LVEF | Vrtovec et al; 2013 19 | |
| Patients with nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy | CD34+ stem cell | 4.4±1.2 | 18 h | Radiolabeling+single‐photon emission CT | ↑ LVEF | Vrtovec et al; 2013 20 | |
| Patients with MI | Bone marrow mononuclear cells | 17.3±6.2 | 4 h | Radiolabeling+single‐photon emission CT | ↑ LVEF | Silva et al; 2009 21 | |
| Patients with MI | Bone marrow mononuclear cells | 10.6±6.1 | 24 h | Radiolabeling+single‐photon emission CT | ↑ LVEF | Silva et al; 2009 21 | |
| Patients with MI | CD34+ stem cell | 4.86 (1.7–7.6) | 1 h | Radiolabeling+single‐photon emission CT | No data available | Musialek et al; 2011 22 | |
| Systemic intravenous injection | Rat MI model | Mesenchymal stem cells | <1 | 1 d | Quantitative real‐time PCR | Not significant | Wang et al; 2011 23 |
| Rabbit MI model | Bone marrow multilineage‐differentiating stress enduring cells | 14.5±4.0 | 3 d | GFP Labeling+fluorescence microscopy | ↑ LVEF | Yamada et al; 2018 24 | |
| Pig I/R model | Embryonic endothelial progenitor cells | 0.5 | 1 h | Radiolabeling+single‐photon emission CT | Not significant | Kupatt et al; 2005 25 | |
| Retrograde coronary venous injection | Pig MI model | Mesenchymal stem cells | 2.89 | 4 h | Radiolabeling+nuclear imaging | No data available | Gathier et al; 2019 15 |
| Pig MI model | Peripheral blood mononuclear cells | 3.2±1 | 1 h | Radiolabeling+γ‐emission counting | No data available | Hou et al; 2005 17 | |
| Pig I/R model | Embryonic endothelial progenitor cells | 2.7 | 1 h | Radiolabeling+single‐photon emission CT | ↓ Infarct size | Kupatt et al; 2005 25 | |
| Patients with MI | Bone marrow mononuclear cells | 4.2±1.1 | 4 h | Radiolabeling+single‐photon emission CT | Not significant | Silva et al; 2009 21 | |
| Patients with MI | Bone marrow mononuclear cells | 3.2±0.3 | 24 h | Radiolabeling+single‐photon emission CT | Not significant | Silva et al; 2009 21 | |
| Intramyocardial injection (transendocardial) | Pig I/R model | Cardiac stem/progenitor cells | 13.4±3.4 | 4 h | Radiolabeling+PET‐CT | No data available | Collantes et al; 2017 18 |
| Pig MI model | Bone marrow mononuclear cells | 17.9±3.1 | 1 h | Radiolabeling+PET‐CT | No data available | Mitsutake et al; 2017 13 | |
| Pig MI model | Mesenchymal stem cells | 6.9±5.9 | 3 h | Luciferase/GFP labeling+bioluminescence/fluorescence microscopy | ↑ LVEF | Zlabinger et al; 2018 16 | |
| Patients with nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy | CD34+ stem cell | 14±5 | 18 h | Radiolabeling+single‐photon emission CT | ↑ LVEF | Haddad et al; 2015 26 | |
| Patients with nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy | CD34+ stem cell | 19.2±4.8 | 18 h | Radiolabeling+single‐photon emission CT | ↑ LVEF | Vrtovec et al; 2013 20 | |
| Intramyocardial injection (transepicardial) | Rat MI model | Cardiac‐derived stem cells | 17.6±11.5 | 1 h | Quantitative real‐time PCR | ↑ Fractional area change | Terrovitis et al; 2009 27 |
| Rat MI model | Cardiac‐derived stem cells | 17.8±7.3 | 1 h | Radiolabeling+PET | ↑ Fractional area change | Terrovitis et al; 2009 27 | |
| Pig MI model | Bone marrow mononuclear cells | 6.0±1.5 | 1 h | Radiolabeling+PET‐CT | No data available | Mitsutake et al; 2017 13 | |
| Pig MI model | Peripheral blood mononuclear cells | 11.3±3 | 1 h | Radiolabeling+γ‐emission counting | No data available | Hou et al; 2005 17 |
CT indicates computed tomography; GFP, green fluorescent protein; I/R, ischemia‐reperfusion; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; MI, myocardial infarction; PCR, polymerase chain reaction; and PET, positron emission tomography.