Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics
| Total Population | Propensity Score–Matched Population | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OMT (n=664) | CTO‐PCI (n=883) | P Value | SMD, % | OMT (n=456) | CTO‐PCI (n=456) | P Value | SMD, % | |
| Age, y | 65.9±11.3 | 61.5±10.8 | <0.001 | −40.8 | 64.6±11.7 | 64.6±10.1 | 0.98 | 0.2 |
| Men | 509 (76.7) | 713 (80.7) | 0.05 | 10.4 | 354 (77.6) | 370 (81.1) | 0.22 | 8.7 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 318 (47.9) | 384 (43.5) | 0.09 | −8.9 | 211 (46.3) | 218 (47.8) | 0.69 | 3.1 |
| Hypertension | 439 (66.1) | 547 (61.9) | 0.09 | −8.6 | 301 (66.0) | 302 (66.2) | >0.99 | 0.5 |
| Dyslipidemia | 158 (23.8) | 289 (32.7) | <0.001 | 19.0 | 115 (25.2) | 113 (24.8) | 0.94 | −1.0 |
| Current smoker | 182 (27.4) | 285 (32.3) | 0.04 | 10.4 | 131 (28.7) | 141 (30.9) | 0.52 | 4.8 |
| Renal failure | 61 (9.2) | 68 (7.7) | 0.30 | −5.6 | 39 (8.6) | 39 (8.6) | >0.99 | 0 |
| Family history of CAD | 73 (11.0) | 135 (15.3) | 0.01 | 11.9 | 56 (12.3) | 55 (12.1) | >0.99 | 0 |
| Previous MI | 211 (31.8) | 180 (20.4) | <0.001 | −28.3 | 126 (27.6) | 120 (26.3) | 0.71 | −3.0 |
| Previous PCI | 208 (31.3) | 178 (20.2) | <0.001 | −27.8 | 129 (28.3) | 122 (26.8) | 0.66 | −3.4 |
| Previous stroke | 67 (10.1) | 66 (7.5) | 0.07 | −9.9 | 44 (9.6) | 33 (7.2) | 0.23 | −8.7 |
| Peripheral artery disease | 40 (6.0) | 23 (2.6) | 0.001 | −21.5 | 22 (4.8) | 18 (3.9) | 0.63 | −4.3 |
| Left ventricular ejection fraction, %* | 53.6±12.9 | 57.6±11.3 | <0.001 | 35.7 | 55.4±11.7 | 55.5±11.7 | 0.85 | 1.2 |
| Acute coronary syndrome | 98 (14.8) | 215 (24.3) | <0.001 | 22.3 | 85 (18.6) | 89 (19.5) | 0.80 | 2.2 |
| Multivessel disease | 517 (77.9) | 595 (67.4) | <0.001 | −22.3 | 360 (78.9) | 360 (78.9) | >0.99 | 0 |
| CTO vessel | ||||||||
| Left anterior descending | 168 (25.3) | 373 (42.2) | <0.001 | 34.3 | 132 (28.9) | 132 (28.9) | >0.99 | 0 |
| Left circumflex | 228 (34.3) | 261 (29.6) | 0.05 | −10.5 | 158 (34.6) | 157 (34.4) | >0.99 | 0 |
| Right coronary | 370 (55.7) | 383 (43.4) | <0.001 | −24.9 | 239 (52.4) | 239 (52.4) | >0.99 | 0 |
| Multi‐CTO | 94 (14.2) | 130 (14.7) | 0.71 | 1.9 | 67 (14.7) | 70 (15.4) | 0.85 | 1.8 |
| Blunt stump | 335 (50.5) | 385 (43.6) | 0.01 | −13.8 | 219 (48.0) | 218 (47.8) | >0.99 | −0.4 |
| Bridging collateral | 236 (35.5) | 265 (30.0) | 0.02 | −12.1 | 146 (32.0) | 152 (33.3) | 0.72 | 2.8 |
| Calcification | 116 (17.5) | 140 (15.9) | 0.40 | −4.4 | 77 (16.9) | 79 (17.3) | 0.93 | 1.2 |
| Collateral flow | 0.46 | 0.98 | ||||||
| 0 | 21 (3.2) | 19 (2.2) | −7.0 | 13 (2.9) | 10 (2.2) | −4.4 | ||
| 1 | 138 (20.8) | 168 (19.0) | −4.5 | 98 (21.5) | 89 (19.5) | −5.0 | ||
| 2 | 269 (40.5) | 364 (41.2) | 1.4 | 181 (39.7) | 190 (41.7) | 4.1 | ||
| 3 | 236 (35.5) | 332 (37.6) | 4.2 | 164 (36.0) | 167 (36.6) | 1.2 | ||
| Proximal or mid, CTO location | 424 (63.9) | 643 (72.8) | <0.001 | 20.3 | 291 (63.8) | 300 (65.8) | 0.58 | 4.1 |
| SYNTAX score | 19.8±9.7 | 19.6±8.8 | 0.65 | −2.4 | 19.9±9.3 | 19.8±9.0 | 0.91 | −0.8 |
| Medication | ||||||||
| Aspirin | 560 (84.3) | 818 (92.6) | <0.001 | 26.2 | 409 (89.7) | 413 (90.6) | 0.74 | 2.9 |
| Clopidogrel | 405 (61.0) | 804 (91.1) | <0.001 | 75.2 | 371 (81.4) | 380 (83.3) | 0.49 | 5.2 |
| Statin | 446 (67.2) | 645 (73.0) | 0.01 | 12.9 | 317 (69.5) | 321 (70.4) | 0.83 | 1.9 |
| β‐Blocker | 368 (55.4) | 505 (57.2) | 0.52 | 3.6 | 248 (54.4) | 258 (56.6) | 0.55 | 4.4 |
| Renin‐angiotensin system blockade | 413 (62.2) | 520 (58.9) | 0.21 | −6.8 | 275 (60.3) | 282 (61.8) | 0.68 | 3.1 |
Data are presented as mean±average or number of patients (percentage). CAD indicates coronary artery disease; MI, myocardial infarction; SMD, standardized mean difference; and SYNTAX, Synergy Between Percutaneous Coronary Intervention With Taxus and Cardiac Surgery.
*
Left ventricular ejection fraction was available in 593 patients treated with optimal medical therapy (OMT) and 773 patients with chronic total occlusion (CTO) percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) among the total population and all patients among the propensity score–matched population.