Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of the Study Cohort
| n=346 | |
|---|---|
| Age, y | 58.8±10.0 |
| Female sex | 115 (33.2%) |
| Height, cm | 173.8±9.7 |
| Weight, kg | 87.9±16.4 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 29.1±5.3 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 130.6±17.3 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 77.0±10.4 |
| CHADS2 * Score | 0 (0‒1) |
| CHA2DS2‐VASc Score † | 1 (0‒2) |
| Congestive heart failure | 6 (1.7%) |
| Hypertension | 120 (34.7%) |
| Diabetes mellitus | 29 (8.4%) |
| Ischemic heart disease | 29 (8.4%) |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 7 (2.0%) |
| Sleep apnea | 45 (13.0%) |
| Previous stroke or transient ischemic attack | 16 (4.6%) |
| Thyroid dysfunction | 34 (9.8%) |
| Tobacco use | 17 (4.9%) |
| Antiarrhythmic drugs failed before enrollment | 2 (1‒2) |
| Left atrial volume, mL/m2 | 35.2±15.2 |
| Left ventricular ejection fraction, % | 59.2±6.1 |
| Diastolic dysfunction | 44 (16.7%) |
| Daytime heart rate, bpm | 68.18±0.57 |
| Nighttime heart rate, bpm | 60.39±0.50 |
| Heart rate variability ‡ , ms | 122.26±1.66 |
| Mean ventricular response in AF, bpm | 100.47±1.29 |
Data are mean±SD, median (interquartile range), or n (%).
*
The CHADS2 score is a clinical estimation of the risk of stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation, with scores ranging from 0 to 6, with higher scores indicating a greater risk.
†
The CHA2DS2‐VASc score is a clinical estimation of the risk of stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation, with scores ranging from 0 to 9, with higher scores indicating a greater risk.
‡
Heart rate variability was measured as the SD of the average normal‐to‐normal intervals on continuous cardiac monitoring.