Table 2.
Sample Characteristics by Quartiles of Leptin: Study of Women's Health Across the Nation Visit 12/13
| Quartile 1 (Low) | Quartile 2 | Quartile 3 | Quartile 4 (High) | No. | P Value | P‐for‐Trend | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. (total subjects) | 349 | 350 | 350 | 350 | 1399 | |||
| Race/Ethnicity, n (%) | ||||||||
| Black | 46 (13.2) | 93 (26.6) | 133 (3.08) | 149 (42.8) | 421 | <0.0001 | 0.0002 | |
| Chinese | 115 (33.0) | 40 (11.4) | 18 (5.1) | 4 (1.1) | 177 | |||
| Hispanic | 13 (3.7) | 27 (7.7) | 23 (6.6) | 29 (8.3) | 92 | |||
| White | 175 (50.1) | 190 (54.3) | 176 (50.3) | 168 (48.0) | 709 | |||
| Age, y, mean (SD) | 59.7 (2.6) | 59.6 (2.7) | 59.6 (2.7) | 59.4 (2.8) | 1399 | 0.611 | 0.212 | |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | ||||||||
| Yes | 19 (5.4) | 43 (12.3) | 55 (15.7) | 74 (21.1) | 191 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | |
| No | 330 (94.6) | 307 (87.7) | 295 (84.3) | 276 (78.9) | 1208 | |||
| Current smoker, n (%) | ||||||||
| Yes | 37 (10.6) | 34 (9.7) | 33 (9.5) | 22 (6.4) | 126 | 0.24 | 0.064 | |
| No | 311 (89.4) | 315 (90.3) | 313 (90.5) | 321 (93.6) | 1260 | |||
| Alcohol use, n (%) | ||||||||
| High (2+/wk) | 90 (26.2) | 102 (29.7) | 79 (23.2) | 39 (11.4) | 310 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | |
| Moderate | 79 (23.0) | 85 (24.7) | 94 (27.6) | 91 (26.6) | 349 | |||
| <1/mo | 175 (50.9) | 157 (45.6) | 168 (49.3) | 212 (62.0) | 712 | |||
| Menopause status, n (%) | ||||||||
| Surgical menopause | 21 (6.0) | 28 (8.1) | 36 (10.3) | 43 (12.3) | 128 | 0.0037 | <0.0001 | |
| Post‐menopause | 324 (92.8) | 312 (89.9) | 301 (86.2) | 290 (83.1) | 1227 | |||
| Pre‐ and peri‐menopause | 4 (1.1) | 7 (2.0) | 12 (3.4) | 16 (4.6) | 39 | |||
| Current use of anti‐hypertensives, n (%) | ||||||||
| Yes | 99 (44.4) | 150 (62.8) | 179 (66.8) | 245 (80.1) | 673 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | |
| No | 124 (55.6) | 89 (37.2) | 89 (33.2) | 61 (19.9) | 363 | |||
| Current use of lipid‐lowering drug, n (%) | ||||||||
| Yes | 93 (27.0) | 118 (34.1) | 119 (34.3) | 166 (47.7) | 496 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | |
| No | 252 (73.0) | 228 (65.9) | 228 (65.7) | 182 (52.3) | 890 | |||
| Current use of hormone therapy, n (%) | ||||||||
| Yes | 21 (6.0) | 16 (4.6) | 12 (3.4) | 14 (4.0) | 63 | 0.390 | 0.149 | |
| No | 328 (94.0) | 334 (95.4) | 338 (96.6) | 336 (96.0) | 1336 | |||
| BMI, kg/m2, n (%) | 23.2 (3.2) | 27.4 (3.9) | 31.8 (4.9) | 38.0 (6.6) | 1377 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | |
| Obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2, n (%) | ||||||||
| Yes | 10 (2.9) | 72 (20.6) | 217 (62.0) | 304 (86.9) | 603 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | |
| No | 339 (97.1) | 278 (79.4) | 133 (38.0) | 46 (13.1) | 796 | |||
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg, means (SD) | 115.3 (17.3) | 122.7 (17.1) | 123.7 (15.4) | 127.6 (17.3) | 1384 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | |
| Fasting glucose, mg/dL, median (IQR) | 89 (83–94) | 92 (86–99.5) | 94 (88–102) | 97 (89–110) | 1387 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL, median (IQR) | 85 (65–114) | 102 (76–143) | 108 (79–149) | 111 (81–147) | 1381 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | |
| HDL‐C, mg/dL, median (IQR) | 68 (57–81) | 59 (51–72) | 56 (49–68) | 55 (47–63) | 1392 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | |
| LDL‐C, mg/dL, mean (SD) | 119.3 (32.6) | 121.2 (30.7) | 121.2 (31.7) | 118.1 (31.7) | 1382 | 0.501 | 0.655 | |
| SHBG, nmol/L, median (IQR) | 80.2 (56–108.1) | 60.1 (42.9–8) | 52.0 (37.2–68.7) | 45.2 (33.3–63.8) | 1399 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | |
| Estradiol, pg/mL, median (IQR) | 16.2 (8.4–22.3) | 18.0 (10.9–25.7) | 19.0 (12.7–27.7) | 23.6 (14.9–32.7) | 1397 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | |
| Average CCA, mm, median (IQR) | 0.73 (0.68–0.81) | 0.78 (0.71–0.87) | 0.79 (0.73–0.87) | 0.81 (0.74–0.89) | 1363 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | |
| Max CCA, mm, median (IQR) | 0.86 (0.79–0.93) | 0.91 (0.83–1.01) | 0.92 (0.85–1.01) | 0.95 (0.87–1.03) | 1368 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | |
| AD, mm, median (IQR) | 6.96 (6.6–7.32) | 7.06 (6.65–7.54) | 7.22 (6.77–7.65) | 7.31 (6.9–7.79) | 1366 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | |
| Plaque, n (%) | ||||||||
| Yes | 146 (41.8) | 146 (41.7) | 151 (43.1) | 150 (43.0) | 593 | 0.971 | 0.681 | |
| no | 203 (58.2) | 204 (58.3) | 199 (56.9) | 199 (57.0) | 805 | |||
| baPWV, cm/s, median (IQR) | 1387.0 (1195.8–1431.1) | 1428.6 (1319.5–1596.8) | 1437.5 (1310.5–1623.9) | 1453.6 (1313.1–1644.0) | 822 | 0.669 | 0.698 | |
The column labeled "P value" shows P values for overall differences between groups; the column labeled "P‐for‐trend" shows P values from analyses testing for linear trends across groups. To obtain the P‐for‐trend values, linear regression analysis was performed for continuous risk factor variables, logistic regression analysis was performed for binary risk factor variables, and proportional odds logistic regression was performed for categorical variables. AD indicates adventitial diameter; baPWV, brachial artery pulse wave velocity; BMI, body mass index; CCA, common carotid artery; HDL‐C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; IQR, interquartile range; LDL‐C, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol; and SHBG, sex hormone binding globulin.