Table 1.
Baseline Patient and Hospital Characteristics
| Overall (N=423 333) | Northeast (N=127 154) | Midwest (N=106 129) | South (N=133 438) | West (N=56 612) | Abs. Stand. Diff. (*=Significant, >10%) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Midwest vs Northeast | South vs Northeast | West vs Northeast | |||||||
| Age, y±SD | 72.2±14.6 | 74.9±13.7 | 72.0±14.6* | 70.4±14.8* | 70.3±15.6* | 20.9* | 31.7* | 31.4* | |
| Female, % | 48.2 | 48.8 | 49.5 | 48.1 | 44.5 | 1.3 | 1.6 | 8.6 | |
| Race/Ethnicity, % | |||||||||
| Black | 19.3 | 14.2 | 19.8* | 27.9* | 9.9* | 15.0* | 34.3* | 13.2* | |
| White | 69.1 | 76.5 | 74.9 | 60.0* | 63.4* | 3.8 | 36.1* | 28.9* | |
| Hispanic | 7.6 | 6.4 | 2.5* | 9.4* | 15.3* | 18.7* | 11.5* | 29.1* | |
| Other† | 3.9 | 2.9 | 2.8 | 2.6 | 11.4* | 1.33 | 0.71 | 21.9* | |
| Insurance, % | |||||||||
| Medicare | 55.7 | 60.3 | 52.5* | 55.8 | 51.1* | 15.7* | 9.1 | 18.5* | |
| Medicaid | 13.5 | 11.8 | 14.4 | 12.8 | 16.9* | 7.7 | 3.0 | 14.5* | |
| Other | 27.0 | 26.2 | 30.0 | 25.0 | 28.3 | 8.3 | 2.9 | 4.7 | |
| No insurance/ not documented | 3.9 | 1.7 | 3.1 | 6.5* | 3.7* | 9.5 | 24.4* | 12.4* | |
| Missing | 14.3 | 16.7 | 18.1 | 10.3 | 11.5 | ||||
| Medical history, % | |||||||||
| Atrial fibrillation | 39.2 | 43.7 | 40.3 | 34.7* | 37.5* | 6.8 | 18.4* | 12.5* | |
| COPD | 33.6 | 33.5 | 37.2 | 32.6 | 29.7 | 7.7 | 1.8 | 8.1 | |
| Diabetes mellitus | 45.0 | 43.6 | 46.3 | 46.7 | 42.1 | 5.4 | 6.3 | 3.0 | |
| Hyperlipidemia | 54.1 | 54.9 | 59.1 | 52.6 | 46.3* | 8.5 | 4.6 | 17.1* | |
| Hypertension | 81.1 | 79.5 | 83.6* | 83.0 | 76.0 | 10.7* | 9.0 | 8.3 | |
| PVD | 12.4 | 12.3 | 15.3 | 11.7 | 9.0* | 8.5 | 2.0 | 10.8* | |
| CAD | 49.6 | 53.7 | 49.8 | 49.3 | 40.2* | 7.8 | 9.0 | 27.3* | |
| Prior CABG | 20.0 | 21.2 | 21.4 | 20.0 | 15.0* | 0.5 | 2.9 | 16.1* | |
| Prior MI | 20.4 | 20.5 | 22.1 | 19.6 | 18.9 | 4.0 | 2.3 | 4.0 | |
| CVA/TIA | 15.9 | 15.7 | 17.6 | 15.6 | 13.5 | 4.9 | 0.3 | 6.3 | |
| Dialysis | 3.8 | 3.6 | 3.9 | 4.0 | 3.7 | 1.3 | 1.9 | 0.3 | |
| Renal insufficiency | 24.9 | 26.0 | 25.7 | 24.7 | 21.4* | 0.9 | 3.0 | 11.0* | |
| Smoking | 16.5 | 13.2 | 18.2* | 18.0* | 17.2* | 13.8* | 12.8* | 10.6* | |
| ICD/CRT‐D | 15.7 | 15.5 | 16.2 | 16.5 | 13.1 | 1.8 | 2.6 | 7.0 | |
| Medications, % | |||||||||
| ACEI | 33.7 | 31.4 | 34.5 | 35.4 | 33.7 | 6.7 | 8.5 | 4.9 | |
| ARB | 14.5 | 13.9 | 14.5 | 14.9 | 15.0 | 1.8 | 2.8 | 3.1 | |
| MRA | 12.7 | 11.0 | 12.7 | 13.3 | 15.3* | 5.1 | 6.8 | 12.6* | |
| Beta‐blocker | 68.5 | 70.0 | 70.0 | 68.1 | 64.2* | 0.1 | 4.1 | 12.3* | |
| Digoxin | 10.8 | 11.9 | 10.0 | 10.5 | 10.2 | 6.1 | 4.5 | 5.6 | |
| Loop diuretic | 60.0 | 61.1 | 61.6 | 58.4 | 56.3 | 1.0 | 5.4 | 9.8 | |
| Hydralazine/nitrate | 22.4 | 23.1 | 23.5 | 22.8 | 18.1* | 0.9 | 0.8 | 12.4* | |
| Statin | 51.3 | 54.2 | 52.8 | 48.5* | 49.2* | 2.9 | 11.4* | 10.1* | |
| Vital signs/lab | |||||||||
| BMI, kg/m2 | 29.2±6.2 | 29.0±5.7 | 29.4±6.2 | 29.2±6.4 | 29.1+6.6 | 6.6 | 4.4 | 2.6 | |
| SBP, mm Hg | 141.7±30.0 | 140.6±29.0 | 143.0±30.1 | 143.8±31.0* | 138.7±29.6 | 8.3 | 10.6* | 6.4 | |
| DBP, mm Hg | 78.0±18.9 | 76.7±18.1 | 77.7±19.2 | 79.9±19.6* | 77.8±18.8 | 5.2 | 17.0* | 6.1 | |
| BNP, pg/mL | 838 (408–1669) | 750 (342–1500) | 822 (411–1631) | 897 (439–1792)* | 916 (460–1789)* | 8.0 | 17.0* | 15.9* | |
| Heart rate | 85.6±19.8 | 84.4±19.4 | 85.5±19.8 | 86.7±19.9* | 86.7±20.5* | 5.4 | 11.5* | 11.5* | |
| Sodium, meq/L | 137.5±7.4 | 137.6±7.4 | 137.7±7.1 | 137.3±7.9 | 137.1±6.6 | 1.0 | 3.5 | 6.7 | |
| Creatinine, mg/dL | 1.3 (1.0–1.8) | 1.3 (1.0–1.8) | 1.3 (1.0–1.8) | 1.3 (1.0–1.9) | 1.3 (0.9–1.8) | 1.3 | 4.0 | 0.7 | |
| LVEF | |||||||||
| Preserved | 43.0 | 45.5 | 44.3 | 40.5* | 40.7 | 2.5 | 10.2* | 9.7 | |
| Borderline | 13.6 | 13.8 | 13.3 | 13.6 | 13.7 | 1.5 | 0.7 | 0.4 | |
| Reduced | 43.4 | 40.7 | 42.4 | 45.9* | 45.6 | 3.5 | 10.6* | 10.0 | |
| Hospital characteristics | |||||||||
| Teaching | 77.1 | 81.2 | 73.8* | 77.8 | 72.9* | 17.7* | 8.3 | 19.7* | |
| Number of beds | 383 (248–540) | 363 (245–539) | 411 (249–607)* | 405 (243–585)* | 374 (261–501)* | 19.4* | 27.8* | 10.9* | |
| Rural location | 3.3 | 4.4 | 1.0* | 4.4 | 2.4* | 21.0* | 0.1 | 11.0* | |
| Heart transplant hospital | 11.1 | 9.1 | 17.5* | 4.9* | 16.8* | 24.9* | 16.9* | 22.9* | |
ACEI indicates angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; BMI, body mass index; BNP, B‐type natriuretic peptide; CABG, coronary artery bypass grafting; CAD, coronary artery disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CRT‐D, cardiac resynchronization therapy–defibrillator; CVA/TIA, cerebrovascular accident/transient ischemic attack; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; ICD, implantable cardioverter defibrillator; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; MI, myocardial infarction; MRA, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist; PVD, peripheral vascular disease; and SBP, systolic blood pressure.
Abs. stand. difference=absolute standardized difference; SD >10 was considered significant; regions with significant SD for a variable compared with the Northeast region.
Other includes Asian, American Indian or Alaskan Native, Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander, and unable to be determined.