Figure 5. HF‐CS as a reference that complements independent studies: (A) Schematic of a suggested framework.

Marker features from independent studies are enriched in the heart failure consensus signature (HF‐CS) with gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA). Features that belong to the leading edge are further filtered, for example, by correlation or ranking in the HF‐CS. B, Enrichment results of marker features from 4 individual studies. C, Plasma proteome of patients with HF mapped to the HF‐CS. D, Fetal cardiac transcriptome (Spurrell19) mapped to HF‐CS on gene level and (E) transcription factor (TF) level. Black dots in (C and D) indicate correlated features in the enrichment leading edge; labeled features in (C and D) indicate genes with a rank <500 in HF‐CS. Black dots in (E) indicate overlap with significantly dysregulated TFs derived from the HF‐CS.