Table 3.
Mortality and Cardiovascular Events for Individuals According to Income and Antihypertensive Medication Use
| With Antihypertensive Medications | Without Antihypertensive Medications | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Income Quartile 1, Highest | Income Quartile 2 | Income Quartile 3 | Income Quartile 4, Lowest | Income Quartile 1, Highest | Income Quartile 2 | Income Quartile 3 | Income Quartile 4, Lowest | |
| Total | ||||||||
| All‐cause mortality | ||||||||
| Events | 9071 | 5610 | 4304 | 5575 | 8005 | 5400 | 4508 | 5387 |
| Person‐years | 737 894 | 517 603 | 394 595 | 469 564 | 780 300 | 580 063 | 446 017 | 489 671 |
| Incidence (events/100 000 person‐years) | 1229 | 1084 | 1091 | 1187 | 1026 | 931 | 1011 | 1100 |
| Adjusted HR (95% CI) | Reference | 1.11 (1.07–1.15) | 1.16 (1.12–1.21) | 1.23 (1.19–1.27) | Reference | 1.13 (1.09–1.17) | 1.28 (1.24–1.33) | 1.29 (1.24–1.33) |
| Cardiovascular mortality | ||||||||
| Events | 2318 | 1438 | 1111 | 1476 | 1983 | 1277 | 1098 | 1386 |
| Person‐years | 737 894 | 517 603 | 394 595 | 469 564 | 780 300 | 580 063 | 446 017 | 489 671 |
| Incidence (events/100 000 person‐years) | 314 | 278 | 282 | 314 | 254 | 220 | 246 | 283 |
| Adjusted HR (95% CI) | Reference | 1.13 (1.06–1.21) | 1.19 (1.11–1.28) | 1.29 (1.21–1.38) | Reference | 1.10 (1.03–1.18) | 1.28 (1.19–1.38) | 1.32 (1.24–1.42) |
| MI | ||||||||
| Events | 1700 | 1144 | 812 | 1050 | 1588 | 1175 | 857 | 998 |
| Person‐years | 764 454 | 534 408 | 408 125 | 487 831 | 805 198 | 597 234 | 461 793 | 509 221 |
| Incidence (events/100 000 person‐years) | 222 | 214 | 199 | 215 | 197 | 197 | 186 | 196 |
| Adjusted HR (95% CI) | Reference | 1.03 (0.95–1.11) | 0.97 (0.89–1.06) | 1.04 (0.97–1.13) | Reference | 1.10 (1.02–1.19) | 1.07 (0.98–1.16) | 1.10 (1.01–1.19) |
| Stroke | ||||||||
| Events | 7637 | 4801 | 3629 | 4401 | 7248 | 4963 | 3767 | 4328 |
| Person‐years | 728 920 | 512 856 | 390 932 | 467 584 | 768 768 | 573 156 | 442 922 | 486 883 |
| Incidence (events/100 000 person‐years) | 1048 | 936 | 928 | 941 | 943 | 866 | 850 | 889 |
| Adjusted HR (95% CI) | Reference | 1.00 (0.96–1.04) | 1.02 (0.98–1.07) | 1.02 (0.98–1.06) | Reference | 1.05 (1.01–1.09) | 1.07 (1.02–1.11) | 1.05 (1.01–1.09) |
| Cardiovascular events | ||||||||
| Events | 10 402 | 6587 | 4964 | 6130 | 9639 | 6675 | 5078 | 5926 |
| Person‐years | 714 809 | 504 078 | 384 173 | 458 767 | 755 209 | 563 597 | 435 701 | 477 923 |
| Incidence (events/100 000 person‐years) | 1455 | 1307 | 1292 | 1336 | 1276 | 1184 | 1165 | 1240 |
| Adjusted HR (95% CI) | Reference | 1.01 (0.98–1.04) | 1.03 (1.00–1.07) | 1.05 (1.01–1.08) | Reference | 1.07 (1.03–1.10) | 1.09 (1.05–1.12) | 1.09 (1.06–1.13) |
| Men | ||||||||
| All‐cause mortality | ||||||||
| Events | 4728 | 3070 | 2389 | 3081 | 4446 | 3198 | 2672 | 3004 |
| Person‐years | 323 302 | 231 076 | 176 407 | 188 700 | 364 034 | 275 705 | 202 234 | 185 674 |
| Incidence (events/100 000 person‐years) | 1462 | 1329 | 1354 | 1633 | 1221 | 1160 | 1321 | 1618 |
| Adjusted HR (95% CI) | Reference | 1.10 (1.05–1.15) | 1.17 (1.11–1.23) | 1.24 (1.18–1.29) | Reference | 1.16 (1.11–1.22) | 1.33 (1.27–1.39) | 1.32 (1.26–1.39) |
| Cardiovascular mortality | ||||||||
| Events | 1075 | 692 | 547 | 713 | 991 | 702 | 582 | 698 |
| Person‐years | 323 302 | 231 076 | 176 407 | 188 700 | 364 034 | 275 705 | 202 234 | 185 674 |
| Incidence (events/100 000 person‐years) | 333 | 299 | 310 | 378 | 272 | 255 | 288 | 376 |
| Adjusted HR (95% CI) | Reference | 1.09 (0.99–1.20) | 1.18 (1.07–1.31) | 1.26 (1.14–1.38) | Reference | 1.17 (1.06–1.29) | 1.31 (1.18–1.46) | 1.37 (1.25–1.52) |
| MI | ||||||||
| Events | 906 | 682 | 469 | 590 | 941 | 669 | 504 | 531 |
| Person‐years | 337 547 | 240 418 | 184 241 | 199 014 | 378 413 | 286 704 | 212 145 | 197 334 |
| Incidence (events/100 000 person‐years) | 268 | 284 | 255 | 296 | 249 | 233 | 238 | 269 |
| Adjusted HR (95% CI) | Reference | 1.09 (0.99–1.21) | 0.98 (0.88–1.10) | 1.08 (0.98–1.20) | Reference | 1.03 (0.93–1.14) | 1.05 (0.94–1.17) | 1.06 (0.95–1.18) |
| Stroke | ||||||||
| Events | 3346 | 2171 | 1645 | 2029 | 3365 | 2412 | 1764 | 1929 |
| Person‐years | 322 408 | 231 559 | 176 907 | 190 155 | 362 453 | 275 242 | 203 872 | 187 834 |
| Incidence (events/100 000 person‐years) | 1038 | 938 | 930 | 1067 | 928 | 876 | 865 | 1027 |
| Adjusted HR (95% CI) | Reference | 0.99 (0.94–1.04) | 1.00 (0.94–1.06) | 1.04 (0.98–1.10) | Reference | 1.09 (1.03–1.14) | 1.06 (1.00–1.13) | 1.07 (1.01–1.13) |
| Cardiovascular events | ||||||||
| Events | 4760 | 3166 | 2384 | 2975 | 4723 | 3379 | 2526 | 2783 |
| Person‐years | 314 792 | 226 436 | 173 000 | 185 150 | 354 305 | 269 758 | 199 566 | 182 933 |
| Incidence (events/100 000 person‐years) | 1512 | 1398 | 1378 | 1607 | 1333 | 1253 | 1266 | 1521 |
| Adjusted HR (95% CI) | Reference | 1.01 (0.96–1.05) | 1.02 (0.97–1.07) | 1.07 (1.02–1.12) | Reference | 1.08 (1.03–1.13) | 1.09 (1.03–1.14) | 1.10 (1.05–1.15) |
| Women | ||||||||
| All‐cause mortality | ||||||||
| Events | 4343 | 2540 | 1915 | 2494 | 3559 | 2202 | 1836 | 2383 |
| Person‐years | 414 593 | 286 528 | 218 187 | 280 864 | 416 266 | 304 358 | 243 782 | 303 996 |
| Incidence (events/100 000 person‐years) | 1048 | 886 | 878 | 888 | 855 | 723 | 753 | 784 |
| Adjusted HR (95% CI) | Reference | 1.11 (1.06–1.17) | 1.14 (1.08–1.20) | 1.21 (1.15–1.27) | Reference | 1.08 (1.03–1.14) | 1.21 (1.15–1.28) | 1.22 (1.16–1.29) |
| Cardiovascular mortality | ||||||||
| Events | 1243 | 746 | 564 | 763 | 992 | 575 | 516 | 688 |
| Person‐years | 414 593 | 286 528 | 218 187 | 280 864 | 416 266 | 304 358 | 243 782 | 303 996 |
| Incidence (events/100 000 person‐years) | 300 | 260 | 258 | 272 | 238 | 189 | 212 | 226 |
| Adjusted HR (95% CI) | Reference | 1.16 (1.06–1.27) | 1.18 (1.06–1.30) | 1.30 (1.19–1.42) | Reference | 1.03 (0.93–1.14) | 1.24 (1.11–1.38) | 1.25 (1.14–1.38) |
| MI | ||||||||
| Events | 794 | 462 | 343 | 460 | 647 | 506 | 353 | 467 |
| Person‐years | 426 907 | 293 990 | 223 885 | 288 818 | 426 784 | 310 530 | 249 648 | 311 887 |
| Incidence (events/100 000 person‐years) | 186 | 157 | 153 | 159 | 152 | 163 | 141 | 150 |
| Adjusted HR (95% CI) | Reference | 0.95 (0.85–1.07) | 0.96 (0.85–1.10) | 1.04 (0.93–1.17) | Reference | 1.21 (1.07–1.36) | 1.10 (0.97–1.26) | 1.18 (1.05–1.34) |
| Stroke | ||||||||
| Events | 4291 | 2630 | 1984 | 2372 | 3883 | 2551 | 2003 | 2399 |
| Person‐years | 406 511 | 281 297 | 214 025 | 277 429 | 406 314 | 297 914 | 239 050 | 299 049 |
| Incidence (events/100 000 person‐years) | 1056 | 935 | 927 | 855 | 956 | 856 | 838 | 802 |
| Adjusted HR (95% CI) | Reference | 1.01 (0.96–1.06) | 1.04 (0.98–1.10) | 1.00 (0.95–1.05) | Reference | 1.02 (0.97–1.07) | 1.06 (1.01–1.12) | 1.03 (0.98–1.09) |
| Cardiovascular events | ||||||||
| Events | 5642 | 3421 | 2580 | 3155 | 4916 | 3296 | 2552 | 3143 |
| Person‐years | 400 017 | 277 642 | 211 173 | 273 617 | 400 904 | 293 838 | 236 135 | 294 990 |
| Incidence (events/100 000 person‐years) | 1410 | 1232 | 1222 | 1153 | 1226 | 1122 | 1081 | 1065 |
| Adjusted HR (95% CI) | Reference | 1.02 (0.97–1.06) | 1.05 (1.00–1.10) | 1.03 (0.99–1.08) | Reference | 1.05 (1.01–1.10) | 1.09 (1.04–1.14) | 1.09 (1.04–1.14) |
HR was adjusted for age, sex, levels of blood pressure, body mass index, smoking status, alcohol consumption, physical activity, fasting glucose, total cholesterol, and aspirin or statin use. HR indicates hazard ratio; and MI, myocardial infarction.