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. 2021 Mar 15;10(7):e018446. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.120.018446

Table 3.

Mortality and Cardiovascular Events for Individuals According to Income and Antihypertensive Medication Use

With Antihypertensive Medications Without Antihypertensive Medications
Income Quartile 1, Highest Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4, Lowest Income Quartile 1, Highest Income Quartile 2 Income Quartile 3 Income Quartile 4, Lowest
Total
All‐cause mortality
Events 9071 5610 4304 5575 8005 5400 4508 5387
Person‐years 737 894 517 603 394 595 469 564 780 300 580 063 446 017 489 671
Incidence (events/100 000 person‐years) 1229 1084 1091 1187 1026 931 1011 1100
Adjusted HR (95% CI) Reference 1.11 (1.07–1.15) 1.16 (1.12–1.21) 1.23 (1.19–1.27) Reference 1.13 (1.09–1.17) 1.28 (1.24–1.33) 1.29 (1.24–1.33)
Cardiovascular mortality
Events 2318 1438 1111 1476 1983 1277 1098 1386
Person‐years 737 894 517 603 394 595 469 564 780 300 580 063 446 017 489 671
Incidence (events/100 000 person‐years) 314 278 282 314 254 220 246 283
Adjusted HR (95% CI) Reference 1.13 (1.06–1.21) 1.19 (1.11–1.28) 1.29 (1.21–1.38) Reference 1.10 (1.03–1.18) 1.28 (1.19–1.38) 1.32 (1.24–1.42)
MI
Events 1700 1144 812 1050 1588 1175 857 998
Person‐years 764 454 534 408 408 125 487 831 805 198 597 234 461 793 509 221
Incidence (events/100 000 person‐years) 222 214 199 215 197 197 186 196
Adjusted HR (95% CI) Reference 1.03 (0.95–1.11) 0.97 (0.89–1.06) 1.04 (0.97–1.13) Reference 1.10 (1.02–1.19) 1.07 (0.98–1.16) 1.10 (1.01–1.19)
Stroke
Events 7637 4801 3629 4401 7248 4963 3767 4328
Person‐years 728 920 512 856 390 932 467 584 768 768 573 156 442 922 486 883
Incidence (events/100 000 person‐years) 1048 936 928 941 943 866 850 889
Adjusted HR (95% CI) Reference 1.00 (0.96–1.04) 1.02 (0.98–1.07) 1.02 (0.98–1.06) Reference 1.05 (1.01–1.09) 1.07 (1.02–1.11) 1.05 (1.01–1.09)
Cardiovascular events
Events 10 402 6587 4964 6130 9639 6675 5078 5926
Person‐years 714 809 504 078 384 173 458 767 755 209 563 597 435 701 477 923
Incidence (events/100 000 person‐years) 1455 1307 1292 1336 1276 1184 1165 1240
Adjusted HR (95% CI) Reference 1.01 (0.98–1.04) 1.03 (1.00–1.07) 1.05 (1.01–1.08) Reference 1.07 (1.03–1.10) 1.09 (1.05–1.12) 1.09 (1.06–1.13)
Men
All‐cause mortality
Events 4728 3070 2389 3081 4446 3198 2672 3004
Person‐years 323 302 231 076 176 407 188 700 364 034 275 705 202 234 185 674
Incidence (events/100 000 person‐years) 1462 1329 1354 1633 1221 1160 1321 1618
Adjusted HR (95% CI) Reference 1.10 (1.05–1.15) 1.17 (1.11–1.23) 1.24 (1.18–1.29) Reference 1.16 (1.11–1.22) 1.33 (1.27–1.39) 1.32 (1.26–1.39)
Cardiovascular mortality
Events 1075 692 547 713 991 702 582 698
Person‐years 323 302 231 076 176 407 188 700 364 034 275 705 202 234 185 674
Incidence (events/100 000 person‐years) 333 299 310 378 272 255 288 376
Adjusted HR (95% CI) Reference 1.09 (0.99–1.20) 1.18 (1.07–1.31) 1.26 (1.14–1.38) Reference 1.17 (1.06–1.29) 1.31 (1.18–1.46) 1.37 (1.25–1.52)
MI
Events 906 682 469 590 941 669 504 531
Person‐years 337 547 240 418 184 241 199 014 378 413 286 704 212 145 197 334
Incidence (events/100 000 person‐years) 268 284 255 296 249 233 238 269
Adjusted HR (95% CI) Reference 1.09 (0.99–1.21) 0.98 (0.88–1.10) 1.08 (0.98–1.20) Reference 1.03 (0.93–1.14) 1.05 (0.94–1.17) 1.06 (0.95–1.18)
Stroke
Events 3346 2171 1645 2029 3365 2412 1764 1929
Person‐years 322 408 231 559 176 907 190 155 362 453 275 242 203 872 187 834
Incidence (events/100 000 person‐years) 1038 938 930 1067 928 876 865 1027
Adjusted HR (95% CI) Reference 0.99 (0.94–1.04) 1.00 (0.94–1.06) 1.04 (0.98–1.10) Reference 1.09 (1.03–1.14) 1.06 (1.00–1.13) 1.07 (1.01–1.13)
Cardiovascular events
Events 4760 3166 2384 2975 4723 3379 2526 2783
Person‐years 314 792 226 436 173 000 185 150 354 305 269 758 199 566 182 933
Incidence (events/100 000 person‐years) 1512 1398 1378 1607 1333 1253 1266 1521
Adjusted HR (95% CI) Reference 1.01 (0.96–1.05) 1.02 (0.97–1.07) 1.07 (1.02–1.12) Reference 1.08 (1.03–1.13) 1.09 (1.03–1.14) 1.10 (1.05–1.15)
Women
All‐cause mortality
Events 4343 2540 1915 2494 3559 2202 1836 2383
Person‐years 414 593 286 528 218 187 280 864 416 266 304 358 243 782 303 996
Incidence (events/100 000 person‐years) 1048 886 878 888 855 723 753 784
Adjusted HR (95% CI) Reference 1.11 (1.06–1.17) 1.14 (1.08–1.20) 1.21 (1.15–1.27) Reference 1.08 (1.03–1.14) 1.21 (1.15–1.28) 1.22 (1.16–1.29)
Cardiovascular mortality
Events 1243 746 564 763 992 575 516 688
Person‐years 414 593 286 528 218 187 280 864 416 266 304 358 243 782 303 996
Incidence (events/100 000 person‐years) 300 260 258 272 238 189 212 226
Adjusted HR (95% CI) Reference 1.16 (1.06–1.27) 1.18 (1.06–1.30) 1.30 (1.19–1.42) Reference 1.03 (0.93–1.14) 1.24 (1.11–1.38) 1.25 (1.14–1.38)
MI
Events 794 462 343 460 647 506 353 467
Person‐years 426 907 293 990 223 885 288 818 426 784 310 530 249 648 311 887
Incidence (events/100 000 person‐years) 186 157 153 159 152 163 141 150
Adjusted HR (95% CI) Reference 0.95 (0.85–1.07) 0.96 (0.85–1.10) 1.04 (0.93–1.17) Reference 1.21 (1.07–1.36) 1.10 (0.97–1.26) 1.18 (1.05–1.34)
Stroke
Events 4291 2630 1984 2372 3883 2551 2003 2399
Person‐years 406 511 281 297 214 025 277 429 406 314 297 914 239 050 299 049
Incidence (events/100 000 person‐years) 1056 935 927 855 956 856 838 802
Adjusted HR (95% CI) Reference 1.01 (0.96–1.06) 1.04 (0.98–1.10) 1.00 (0.95–1.05) Reference 1.02 (0.97–1.07) 1.06 (1.01–1.12) 1.03 (0.98–1.09)
Cardiovascular events
Events 5642 3421 2580 3155 4916 3296 2552 3143
Person‐years 400 017 277 642 211 173 273 617 400 904 293 838 236 135 294 990
Incidence (events/100 000 person‐years) 1410 1232 1222 1153 1226 1122 1081 1065
Adjusted HR (95% CI) Reference 1.02 (0.97–1.06) 1.05 (1.00–1.10) 1.03 (0.99–1.08) Reference 1.05 (1.01–1.10) 1.09 (1.04–1.14) 1.09 (1.04–1.14)

HR was adjusted for age, sex, levels of blood pressure, body mass index, smoking status, alcohol consumption, physical activity, fasting glucose, total cholesterol, and aspirin or statin use. HR indicates hazard ratio; and MI, myocardial infarction.