Table 3.
Baseline Characteristics of HFrEF, HFmrEF and HFpEF Patients
| HFrEF (n=79) | HFmrEF (n=35) | HFpEF (n=87) | P Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y | 60.3±14.4* , * | 67.7±13.1 | 68.0±11.1 | 0.001 |
| Male sex (%) | 61 (77.2) † | 21 (60.0) | 36 (41.4) | <0.001 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 23.9±5.1 | 25.1±5.0 | 24.7±4.6 | 0.437 |
| Hypertension (%) | 36 (45.6) † | 21 (60.0) | 68 (78.2) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus (%) | 26 (32.9) | 9 (25.7) | 22 (25.3) | 0.518 |
| Dyslipidemia (%) | 30 (38.0) | 18 (51.4) | 52 (59.8) | 0.019 |
| History of smoking (%) | 57 (72.2)* , * | 16 (45.7) | 26 (29.9) | <0.001 |
| NYHA III or IV (%) | 41 (51.9)* , * | 8 (22.9) | 19 (21.8) | <0.001 |
| DROM, U.CARR | 362 [309–432] | 358 [330–417] | 348 [284–401] | 0.116 |
| BNP, pg/mL | 182 [75–486] | 178 [99–413] | 149 [68–292] | 0.254 |
| eGFR, mL/min per 1.73 m2 | 62.6±16.2 | 58.4±13.5 | 63.1±15.5 | 0.333 |
| Hemoglobin, g/dL | 14.2±2.1 † | 13.8±2.0 | 13.2±2.0 | 0.004 |
| Hs‐CRP, mg/dL | 0.12 [0.04–0.36] | 0.06 [0.03–0.21] | 0.08 [0.03–0.13] | 0.190 |
| Hs‐troponinT, ng/L | 19.4 [10.0–38.2] | 18.6 [9.9–32.3] | 18.0 [8.7–31.9] | 0.234 |
| Serum sodium, mEq/L | 139.3±3.3 | 140.5±2.6 | 140.4±2.4 | 0.023 |
| LVEF, % | 29.3±7.1* , * | 44.9±2.9 † | 62.8±5.0 | <0.001 |
| LVDd, mm | 58.7±10.5* , * | 52.3±7.7 † | 42.6±6.1 | <0.001 |
| LAD, mm | 42.0±9.1 | 41.2±7.1 | 41.8±7.2 | 0.901 |
| E/e′ | 15.6±6.3* , * | 18.3±5.1 | 19.7±8.7 | 0.002 |
| CCB (%) | 15 (19.0) † | 5 (14.3) † | 40 (46.0) | <0.001 |
| ACEI or ARB (%) | 63 (79.7) † | 28 (80.0) † | 42 (48.3) | <0.001 |
| β‐blockers (%) | 59 (74.7) † | 28 (80.0) † | 39 (44.8) | <0.001 |
| Diuretics (%) | 60 (75.9) † | 20 (57.1) | 29 (33.3) | <0.001 |
| Statins (%) | 16 (20.3) | 11 (31.4) | 31 (35.6) | 0.079 |
| Etiology of heart failure | ||||
| Dilated cardiomyopathy | 49 (62.0)* , * | 11 (31.4) † | 2 (2.3) | <0.001 |
| Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy | 1 (1.3) † | 4 (11.4) † | 27 (31.0) | <0.001 |
| Hypertensive heart disease | 9 (11.4) | 2 (5.7) | 13 (14.9) | 0.251 |
| Cardiac amyloidosis | 2 (2.5) | 6 (17.1) | 7 (8.0) | 0.045 |
| Cardiac sarcoidosis | 1 (1.3) | 2 (5.7) | 2 (2.3) | 0.546 |
| Valvular heart diseases | 4 (5.1) | 2 (5.7) | 7 (8.0) | 0.726 |
| Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy | 4 (5.1) | 2 (5.7) | 7 (8.0) | 0.726 |
| Others | 9 (11.4) | 6 (17.1) | 22 (25.3) | 0.069 |
ACEI indicates angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blocker; BNP, B‐type natriuretic peptide; CCB, calcium channel blocker; DROM, derivatives of reactive oxidative metabolites; E/e′, ratio of early transmitral flow velocity to tissue Doppler early diastolic mitral annular velocity; EF, ejection fraction; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration ratio; HF, heart failure; HFmrEF, HF with midrange EF; HFpEF, HF with preserved EF; HFrEF, HF with reduced EF; Hs‐CRP, high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein; Hs‐troponinT, high‐sensitivity troponin T; LAD, left atrial diameter; LVDd, left ventricular end‐diastolic dimension; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; NYHA, New York Heart Association functional class; and U.CARR, Carratelli unit.
P<0.05 compared with HFmrEF group.
P<0.05 compared with HFpEF group.