| Author, year, country |
Study design, setting/audience |
Intervention concepts |
Cryotherapy statements |
Direct pressure application time |
| Pope and Hobbs, 2005, United Kingdom [16] |
Narrative: Clinical practice |
Direct pressure; Patient position; Cryotherapy |
“... improved by a cold compress or the patient sucking on ice.” p. 310 |
NA |
| Wong and Anat, 2018, Australia [34] |
Narrative: Family practice |
Direct pressure; Patient position; Cryotherapy |
“Applying ice packs around the neck and having the patient suck on ice significantly reduces nasal mucosa blood flow and can slow down the bleeding.7” p. E16 |
10 min |
| Record, 2015, United States [35] |
Practice guideline: Nursing |
Direct pressure; Patient position; Cryotherapy |
“Ice compresses to the forehead or neck may be used, but studies are inconclusive as to the usefulness of this maneuver (Teymoortash 2003; Scheibe, 2006).” p. 487 |
10 min |
| Upile et al., 2008, United Kingdom [17] |
Protocol: United Kingdom Healthcare System, first aid |
Direct pressure; Cryotherapy |
“… pinching the whole of the cartilaginous tip of the nose for 30 min followed by another 30 min of pressure and pack of ice on bridge of nose if bleeding continued.” p. 1351 |
30 min + 30 min |
| Epistaxis, 2020, N/A [36] |
Informational: Website |
Direct pressure; Cryotherapy |
“… putting an ice pack on to their forehead.” p. N/A |
20 min |
| Beck, 2018, German [4] |
Review: Primary and secondary care |
Direct pressure; Patient position; Cryotherapy |
“Local application of ice, e.g., at the back of the neck, is intended to encourage vasoconstriction of the blood vessels of the nose.” Its therapeutic value is a matter of debate and has been challenged in the literature (38).” p. 17 |
15-20 min |
