Table 1.

Studies on the use of xenon in preventing POCD after cardiac and non-cardiac surgeries

Authors/year	Type of study	Number of patients included	Type of surgery	Outcomes/conclusion
Coburn et al.28/2007	Randomized, double- blinded, controlled study	38 (20-desflurane, 18-xenon)	Non-cardiac	Although xenon was associated with a faster emergence from general anaesthesia than desflurane there was no difference in the postoperative cognitive testing at 6–12 and 66–72 h.
Bronco et al.29/2010	RCT	60 (30 in each group, sevoflurane and xenon)	Non-cardiac	Xenon anaesthesia was associated with faster emergence and with better early postoperative cognitive recovery than sevoflurane anaesthesia.
Cremer et al.30/2011	Double-blinded randomized controlled trial	40 (20-sevoflurane, 20-xenon)	Non-cardiac	No difference in the incidence of POCD after xenon or sevoflurane anaesthesia although emergence from general anaesthesia was faster in the xenon group.
Stoppe et al.27/2013	Randomized, single-blind controlled trial	30 (15-xenon, 15-sevoflurane)	Cardiac (CPB)	The assessment of POCD by the CAM-ICU score revealed comparable incidences of delirium between the xenon and sevoflurane groups
Al Tmimi et al.25/2015	Randomized, observer-blind, controlled clinical trial	45	Cardiac (OPCAB)	Xenon anesthesia was associated with a lower risk for POD
Coburn et al.31/2018	Multicentre, randomized clinical trial	256 (124-xenon, 132-sevoflurane)	Hip surgeries	Xenon anaesthesia did not significantly reduce the incidence of postoperative delirium after hip fracture surgery
Al Tmimi et al.26/2020	Randomized, observer-blind, controlled trial	190	Cardiac (CPB)	Xenon anaesthesia did not result in a significant reduction in POD

Note: CAM-ICU: Confusion assessment method for intensive care unit; CPB: cardiopulmonary bypass; OPCAB: off pump coronary artery bypass; POCD: postoperative cognitive dysfunction; POD: postoperative delirium; RCT: randomized controlled trial.