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. 2021 May 20;8:652767. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2021.652767

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Copyright © 2021 Yuan, Feng, Jiang, Wu, Liu, Jiang, Kuang, Tang and Zhou.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Effects of dietary choline on parameter mRNA levels in the skin of grass carp after infection with A. hydrophila. This analysis was repeated six times with similar results. Data represent means of six fish in each group, and error bars indicate S.D. Values having different letters are significantly different (P < 0.05). (A) Relative mRNA level of Hepcidin, β-defensin-1, Mucin2, LEAP-2A, and LEAP-2B in the skin. (B) Relative mRNA level of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the skin. (C) Relative mRNA levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines in the skin.