Table 3.

Multilevel Regression Results for Employment, by State-Level Childcare and School Characteristics.

		Employment (Multinomial Logistic Regression)
		Model 1		Model 2
		Estimate	Standard Error	Estimate	Standard Error
Intercept	Not in labor force	−0.272	(0.147)	−0.462	(0.198)*
Intercept	Part-time	−1.211	(0.138)***	−0.464	(0.194)*
State childcare environment
Childcare costs (longitudinal)	Not in labor force	0.011	(0.015)	—	—
Childcare costs (longitudinal)	Part-time	−0.007	(0.020)	—	—
Childcare costs (cross-sectional)	Not in labor force	−0.004	(0.012)	—	—
Childcare costs (cross-sectional)	Part-time	0.043	(0.011)***	—	—
Average school day length (cross-sectional)	Not in labor force	—	—	−0.791	(0.999)
Average school day length (cross-sectional)	Part-time	—	—	−3.163	(1.225)**
		Childcare Time (Ordinary Least Squares)
		Model 3		Model 4
		Estimate	Standard Error	Estimate	Standard Error
Intercept		78.922	(5.891)***	100.190	(11.409)***
State childcare environment
Childcare costs (longitudinal)		1.612	(0.424)***	—	—
Childcare costs (cross-sectional)		1.017	(0.481)*	—	—
Average school day length (cross-sectional)		—	—	−11.898	(43.027)
Afterschool care demand (longitudinal)		—	—	—	—
Afterschool care demand (cross-sectional)		—	—	—	—

Source: American Time Use Survey (2003–2014; n = 37,993), Childcare Aware of America, Afterschool Alliance, and Education Commission of the States (n = 51).

Note: All models include the full set of individual controls including partners’ weekly wages (highest quartile omitted), married, year (2014 omitted), age, child 6 to 12 in the home (child 5 and younger omitted), education (high school omitted), and race (non-Hispanic white omitted). All models also control for the unemployment rate at the state level. Dashes indicate not estimated.

^*p < .05.

^**p < .01.

^***p < .001.