TABLE 5.
Intensive training
| Author | Nathan &Gorman classification | Sample size | Training topic | Amount of training | Comparison groups | Follow-up | Role of consultation | Outcome measure domains |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kolko et al. (2012) | 1 |
N= 128 practitioners; N = 34 supervisors |
Alternative for Families (AF-CBT) | 32 hr | 2; learning community; training as usual | 18 months | 10 90-min biweekly group consultation | A, O, P, K, Sat |
| German et al. (2017) | 2 | N = 214 clinicians | CBT | 22 hr | 2; In-person training, expert-led consultation; Web-based training; peer- led consultation | 6 months | Weekly 2-hr meetings for 6-months with experts; then with peers only | K, S |
| Stirman et al. (2017) | 2 | N = 85 clinicians | Cognitive Therapy | 22 hr | 2; individual consultation; group consultation | 2 years (from baseline) | Individual: 1-hr individual; 1-hr group; Group: 2 hr group | S |
| Webster- Stratton et al. (2014) | 2 | N = 56 community mental health therapists | Incredible Years for Conduct Problems | 3 days | 2; workshop only; workshop + consultation | None | Weekly consultation calls (duration not reported); Written feedback on video recordings | F |
| Beveridge et al. (2015) | 3 | N = 143 therapists | PCIT | 40 hr + two 1-day advanced trainings held 2 months after initial training | None | None | 1-hr biweekly phone consultation group until PCIT completed with 2 clients | Sat |
| Creed et al. (2013) | 3 | N = 25 school- based therapists | Cognitive Therapy | 22 hr | None | 6 months | Weekly 2-hr meetings for 6 months | K, S, Sat |
| Creed et al. (2016) | 3 | N = 321 community mental health therapists | CBT | 22 hr | None | 6 months | Weekly 2-hr meeting for 6 months | S |
| Herschell et al. (2014) | 3 | N = 64 mental health therapists | DBT | 2-day clinical + 1-day admin overview; two 5-day workshops (6-months apart); 2-day follow-up training | None | 6-, 14-, and 22-months post-training | Weekly phone consultation for 14 months | A, C, P |
| Jackson et al. (2017) | 3 | N = 32 clinicians | PCIT | 40 hr; advanced 16-hr training 6 months later | None | 2 years (from baseline) | Up to 24 1-hr consultation calls over 1 year | I, K, S |
| Karlin et al. (2012) | 3 |
N = 221 mental health therapists; N = 356 veteran patients |
CBT for depression | 3 days | None | 6-month postconsult.; 3–12 months post-training | 6 months of 90-min weekly group calls; submission of audio recordings | A, C, Cl, Int. P, S, Sat |
| Karlin et al. (2013) | 3 | N = 102 clinicians; N = 182 veteran patients | CBT for insomnia | 3 days | None | None | 4 mo. of weekly 90-min group calls; submission of audio recordings | Cl, S |
| Lopez and Basco, (2011) | 3 | N =7 therapists | CBT for major depressive disorder | 36 hr | None | None | 5 months of 1-hr group phone supervision 2x/week; submission of audiotaped sessions | A, Cl, S |
| Manber et al. (2013) | 3 | N = 207 therapists | CBT for insomnia | 3 days | None | 6 months post-consultation | 4 months of weekly 90-min group consultation calls; submission of audiotaped sessions | A, C |
| McManus et al. (2010) | 3 | N = 278 trainees | CBT | 36 days over 12-week term; 5 hr workshops each day | None | None | 90 min. supervision at each workshop; submission of audiotaped sessions | S |
| Navarro-Haro et al. (2019) | 3 | N = 412 participants | DBT for borderline personality disorder | 2 sets of 5-day workshops (6-months apart) | None | None | Contact with trainers, but no formal consultation | A, C, I, P |
| Ruzek et al. (2016) | 3 | N = 943 licensed mental health clinicians | Prolonged exposure for PTSD | 4 days | None | Post-consultation | 6–9 months of 60-min weekly individual and group consultation; audiotape review | A, C, Int |
| Ruzek et al. (2017) | 3 | N= 1,034 clinicians | Prolonged exposure for PTSD | 4 days | None | Post-consultation; 6 months post-consultation | Weekly individual (30- min) and group (60-min) consultation for at least two cases; audiotape review | A, C, Int, P |
| Shah, Scogin, Presnell, Morthland, and Kaufman (2013) | 3 |
N = 5 therapists; N =88 patients |
CBT for rural adults | 24 hr | None | Post-treatment | Weekly group supervision and feedback on mock sessions (duration not reported) | Cl, F, S |
| Smith et al. (2017) | 3 | Study 1:N= 234 regional learners; Study 2: N = 24 blended pilot learners; Study 3: N= 40 blended pilot learners | Study 1: Cognitive Processing Therapy; Study 2: CBT for depression; Study 3: Prolonged exposure for PTSD |
Study 1: 3 days Study 2: 7 hr online + 7 weekly 1–2hr. webinars Study 3: web-based course + 5 weekly 2-hr webinars |
Each study compared alternative training models to traditional VA training model | Study 1: none; Study 2:4 months postconsultation; Study 3:6 months postconsultation |
All studies: Weekly consultation with tape review (call duration not reported) Blended learning: 4 months Traditional learning: 6 months |
Study 1: Cl, Sat Study 2: S, Sat Study 3: Cl, K, S |
| Stephan, Connors, Arora, and Brey (2013) | 3 | Not reported | Core elements of EBIs for anxiety, depression, disruptive behavior disorders, substance abuse | 4 days over 13 months | None | Post-training (13 months) | Monthly technical assistance (duration not reported); Learning Collaborative | K, P |
| Walser et al. (2013) | 3 |
N = 391 therapists; N = 745 patients |
ACT for depression | 3 days | None | Post-consultation (3–12 months) | 6-months of 90 min weekly consultation; feedback on audiotaped sessions | A, C, Cl, Int, K, S, T |
| Williams, Martinez, Dafters, Ronald, and Garland (2011) | 3 | N = 267 therapists | CBT self-help workbook | 38.5 hr | None | Post-intervention, 3-month follow-up | Weekly supervision (5 hr total) | K, P, S, Sat |
Abbreviations: A, attitudes; ACT, acceptance and commitment therapy; C, confidence (self-efficacy); CBT, cognitive behavioral therapy; Cl, clinical outcome; DBT, dialectical behavior therapy; F, treatment fidelity or adherence; I, implementation difficulty or barrier—anticipated or actual; Int, intentions; K, knowledge; P, practices or techniques used; PCIT, parent–child interaction therapy; PF, psychological flexibility; PTSD, posttraumatic stress disorder; S, skills/competence; Sat, satisfaction/acceptability; T, therapeutic interaction/rapport/working alliance, VA, Veterans Affairs.