a, Colchicine (colc.) activated the Nrf2–Keap1 pathway in the liver. Immunoblotting analysis was performed with indicated antibodies to identify proteins in this pathway. Colchicine-treated livers were collected at the indicated times. Colchicine triggered degradation of Keap1, stabilization of Nrf2 and phosphorylation of the selective autophagy receptor SQSTM1/p62. b, Colchicine-activated LC3 as measured by conversion of the cytosolic LC3-I isoform to the membrane-bound lapidated LC3-II isoform. c, Colchicine promoted physical interaction between SQSTM1/p62 and Keap1 as measured by co-immunoprecipitation analysis. d, SQSTM1/p62 puncta in the liver from mice with vehicle (veh.) or colchicine treatment were detected by immunofluorescence analysis. The number of SQSTM1/p62 puncta per nucleus was measured. Data are represented as mean ± s.d. Two-sided t-tests were used for statistical analysis; three biological replicates. Scale bar, 10 μm.