Table 4.

Odds ratios of congenital anomalies by OSA status, excluding n = 3250 with chromosomal anomalies and controlling for newborns born to the same mother during the study period including twin/multiple gestations. (N = 1,419,849).

Outcomes	Crude OR or β (95% confidence interval)	OR or β (95% CI), fully adjusteda
Congenital anomaly (CA) – all	1.76 (1.56–2.00)	1.26 (1.11 – 1.44)
CA 740 – nervous system (anencephalus)	–	–
CA 741 – nervous system (spina bifida)	3.25 (0.81 – 13.1)	2.14 (0.52–8.71)
CA 742 – nervous system (other anomalies of nervous system)	3.14 (1.78–5.55)	2.05 (1.16–3.66)
CA 743 – ophthalmologic	2.41 (0.99–5.80)	1.84 (0.76–4.43)
CA 744 – otologic and face	1.02 (0.46–2.27)	0.94 (0.42–2.10)
CA 745 – cardiac (septal defects)	2.26 (1.76–2.89)	1.16 (0.90–1.50)
CA 746 – cardiac (other anomalies of heart)	2.86 (1.84–4.45)	1.23 (0.78–1.94)
CA 747 – circulatory	2.96 (2.38–3.69)	1.37 (1.09–1.72)
CA 748 – respiratory system	1.68 (0.75–3.74)	1.02 (0.46–2.30)
CA 749 – cleft palate and cleft lip	1.29 (0.41–4.01)	0.99 (0.32–3.11)
CA 750 – gastrointestinal (upper alimentary tract)	1.32 (0.89–1.96)	1.22 (0.82–1.82)
CA 751 – gastrointestinal (intestinal and biliary)	2.76 (1.43–5.31)	1.80 (0.92–3.51)
CA 752 – genital organs	1.36 (0.94–1.98)	1.10 (0.76–1.61)
CA 753 – urinary system	1.34 (0.80–2.23)	0.99 (0.59–1.66)
CA 754 – musculoskeletal (certain congenital musculoskeletal deformities)	1.76 (1.06–2.92)	1.43 (0.85–2.39)
CA 755 – musculoskeletal (other anomalies of limbs)	1.38 (0.86–2.22)	1.05 (0.65–1.70)
CA 756 – musculoskeletal (other musculoskeletal anomalies)	2.52 (1.54–4.13)	2.05 (1.24–3.38)
CA 757 – integument	1.35 (1.07–1.70)	1.18 (0.93–1.48)
CA 759 – other and unspecified anomalies	1.93 (0.92–4.06)	1.42 (0.67–3.04)

OSA: Obstructive sleep apnea.

^aModels adjusted for maternal age, race, and obesity, pre-pregnancy diabetes mellitus, gestational diabetes mellitus, pre-pregnancy hypertension, gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, tobacco use, alcohol use, and drug use.