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. 2021 Apr 23;44(5):356–362. doi: 10.14348/molcells.2021.0032

Fig. 1. Gut microbiota immune modulation and Immune checkpoint inhibitors.

Fig. 1

Gut microbiota activates the T cell priming process of dendritic cells. In this process, anti-CTLA 4 antibody has synergy with the Immune stimulatory microbiota (such as Bacteroides species). As a result, it promotes the formation of functional effector T cells. In addition, intestinal microbes affect CD4 T cell recruitment and activation. Enrichment of certain intestinal microbes, such as Akkermansia muciniphila or Bifidobacterium species, contributes to enhancement and expansion of functional CD8 T cells, IFN-γ production, and increased granzyme and perforin secretion. These points contribute to enhancing the effect of the PD-1/PD-L1 blockade, thus contributing to enhancing the antitumor immunity.