Black lines, signal transduction; red lines, the effect of zinc; arrows, activation; T bar, inhibition. TLRs, Toll-like receptors; TIRAP, TIR domain containing adaptor protein; MyD88, myeloid differentiation primary response 88; TRIF, TIR-domain-containing adaptor protein inducing interferon-β; TRAM, TRIF-related adaptor molecule; IRAK, interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase; TRAF, tumor necrosis factor receptor–associated factor; TAK1, transforming growth factor-β-activated kinase 1; MAPKs, mitogen-activated protein kinase; AP1, activator protein 1; IKK, IκB kinase; NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells; DUSP, dual-specificity phosphatase; IRF3, IFN regulatory factor 3; TNFR, tumor necrosis factor receptor; Zip8, Zrt- and Irt-like protein 8 (SLC39A8).