Table 1.
Demographics and baseline characteristics of the cohort
| Variables | Total | Survivors | Non-Survivors | Sig* |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 500 | 307 | 193 | ||
| Male (n, %) | 300 (60) | 172 (56) | 128 (66.3) | p 0.02 |
| Female | 200 (40) | 135 (44) | 65 (33.7) | |
| Age in Years mean (SD) | 69.39 (17.2) | 64.5 (18.3) | 77.4 (11.6) | p < 0.001 |
| Median (min–max) | 73 (19–100) | 68 (19–100) | 78 (37–99) | |
| IQR | (59–83) | (52–80) | (70.5–87) | |
| < 40 | 36 (7.2) | 35 (11.4) | 1 (0.5) | |
| 40–70 | 173 (34.6) | 131 (42.7) | 42 (21.8) | p < 0.001 |
| 70–80 | 132 (26.4) | 67 (21.8) | 60 (33.7) | |
| > 80 | 159 (31.8) | 74 (24.1) | 85 (44) | |
| Ethnicity Asian (n, %) | 31 (6.2%) | 24 (7.8%) | 7 (3.6%) | p 0.25 |
| Black-African | 21 (4.2%) | 12 (3.9%) | 9 (4.7%) | |
| Caucasian | 438 (87.6%) | 264 (60%) | 174 (40%) | |
| Other | 10 (2%) | 7 (70%) | 3 (30%) | |
| Comorbidities, (n,%) < 2 | 282 (56.4) | 203 (66.1) | 79 (40.9) | p < 0.001 |
| > 2 | 218 (43.6) | 104 (33.9) | 114 (59.1) | |
| Diabetes Mellitus | 128 (25.7) | 63 (20.6%) | 65 (33.7%) | p 0.001 |
| Hypertension | 188 (37.8) | 108 (35.3) | 80 (41.7) | p 0.15 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 178 (35.7) | 83 (27.1) | 95 (49.2) | P < 0.001 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 44 (8.8) | 28 (9.2) | 16 (8.3) | p 0.74 |
| Respiratory disease | 148 (29.7) | 100 (32.7) | 48 (24.9) | p 0.06 |
| Other | 281 (56%) | 151 (49.3) | 132 (68.4) | p < 0.001 |
| CFS, median (min–max) | 4 (1–9) | 3 (1–9) | 5 (1–9) | p < 0.001 |
| Respiratory rate/min > 24/min (n, %) | 271 (54.2) | 140 (45.6%) | 131 (67.9) | p < 0.001 |
| Heart rate/min, > 100/min, (n, %) | 175 (35) | 100 (32.6) | 74 (38.9) | P 0.15 |
| SFR, mean (SD) | 383.5 (106.8) | 413.0 (76.6) | 336.8 (129.1) | p < 0.001 |
| SFR < 235 | 52 (10.4) | 12 (3.9) | 40 (20.7) | |
| SFR(235–315)(ARDS) | 181 (10.2) | 21 (6.8) | 30 (15.5) | p < 0.001 |
| SFR ≥ 315(acute lung injury) | 397 (79.4) | 274 (89.3) | 123 (63.7) | |
| Cough(n, %) | 294 (60.2) | 186 (62) | 108 (57.4) | p 0.32 |
| SOB | 294 (60.2) | 177 (59) | 117 (62.2) | p 0.45 |
| Sore throat | 32 (6.5) | 23 (7.6) | 9 (4.8) | p 0.21 |
| GI | 98 (19.9) | 67 (22.2) | 31 (16.3) | p 0.11 |
| Fever | 247 (49.5) | 158 (51.6) | 89 (46.1) | p 0.23 |
| Lethargy | 52 (10.4) | 32 (10.5) | 20 (10.4) | p 0.98 |
| Falls | 65 (13) | 37 (12.1) | 28 (14.5) | p 0.44 |
| Myalgia | 20 (4) | 15 (4.9) | 5 (2.6) | p 0.20 |
| Confusion | 47 (9.4) | 24 (7.8) | 23 (11.9) | p 0.13 |
CFS Clinical Frailty Scale, SFR SpO2 to FiO2 ratio, ARDS acute respiratory distress syndrome, SOB shortness of breath, GI gastrointestinal symptoms
ǂComorbidities of interest have been selected. SFR is categorised by American European consensus
*Results ≤ 0.05 are significant, IQR interquartile range