Table 1.

Baseline characteristics of participants mean ± SD or n (%).

	Atropine concentration			Change in AL over 12 months (mm)
	0.02% atropine	0.01% atropine	P-value	Rapid change in AL Mean ± SD, (min–max) 0.50 ± 0.16, (0.35 to 0.97)	Slower change in AL Mean ± SD, (min–max) 0.19 ± 0.12, (− 0.18 to 0.34)	P-value
N	138	141		132	147
Age (year)	9.49 ± 1.83	9.39 ± 1.92	0.45	8.87 ± 1.69	10.76 ± 1.72	< 0.001
Body mass index (kg/m2)	17.58 ± 3.49	18.16 ± 3.24	0.33	17.33 ± 3.85	18.78 ± 3.37	< 0.001
Spherical equivalent refractive error (D)	− 2.79 ± 1.43	− 2.76 ± 1.61	0.32	− 2.27 ± 1.32	− 2.98 ± 1.68	< 0.001
Intraocular pressure (mmHg)	16.6 ± 3.6	17.0 ± 2.9	0.33	16.98 ± 2.78	16.58 ± 2.91	0.22
Pupil diameter (mm)	6.32 ± 0.66	6.15 ± 0.72	0.56	6.12 ± 0.76	6.07 ± 0.67	0.51
Accommodation amplitude (D)	15.20 ± 5.11	15.39 ± 4.32	0.29	14.87 ± 4.56	15.74 ± 5.25	0.22
Corneal astigmatism (D)	− 1.20 ± 0.48	− 1.22 ± 0.51	0.56	− 1.21 ± 0.58	− 1.24 ± 0.57	0.33
Corneal curvature (D)	42.82 ± 1.52	42.85 ± 1.41	0.69	42.81 ± 1.37	42.92 ± 1.45	0.66
Anterior chamber depth (mm)	3.64 ± 0.22	3.67 ± 0.19	0.76	3.60 ± 0.21	3.68 ± 0.27	< 0.001
Axial length (mm)	24.61 ± 0.72	24.59 ± 0.74	0.21	24.26 ± 0.81	24.68 ± 0.93	< 0.001
Outdoor activity (hours per day)a	2.53 ± 1.38	2.60 ± 1.32	0.67	2.52 ± 1.31	2.61 ± 1.35	0.21
Nearwork (hours per day)#	14.11 ± 2.01	14.23 ± 1.82	0.59	14.02 ± 2.82	14.22 ± 1.52	0.45
Sex
Male	78	67	0.13	73 (55.3%)	72 (49.0%)	0.29
Female	60	74		59 (44.7%)	75 (51.0%)
Heredity
+  + (both parents myopic)	36	30		32 (24.2%)	34 (23.1%)	0.90
+ – (one parent myopic)	62	73	0.48	62 (47.0%)	73 (49.7%)
−− (neither parent myopic)	40	32		38 (28.8%)	40 (27.2%)

Rapid change in AL defined as > 0.36 mm/year.

^※Outdoor activity = outdoor exercise + outdoor leisure activity.

^#Nearwork = 3* (homework + reading + playing on cell phone) + 2* (using computer + playing video game) + 1* (watching TV).