Table 2.
Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses showing risk factors associated with rapid axial length elongation over 12 months.
| Risk factors | Non-adjusted OR, (95% CI) | P value | Adjust OR, (95% CI) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | ||||
| Male | Reference | Reference | ||
| Female | 0.78 (0.48–1.08) | 0.22 | 0.79 (0.41−1.17) | 0.73 |
| Age (years) | 0.54 (0.44–0.64) | < 0.0001 | 0.58 (0.42–0.74) | < 0. 0001 a |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 0.87 (0.82–0.92) | 0.0006 | 0.90 (0.71−1.09) | 0.63 |
| Heredity | ||||
| −− (neither parent myopic) | Reference | Reference | ||
| + − (one parent myopic) | 0.59 (0.16–1.02) | 0.12 | 0.62 (0.20–1.04) | 0.25 |
| + + (both parents myopic) | 0.57 (0.19–0.95) | 0.04 | 0.60 (0.18–1.02) | 0.35 |
| Atropine concentration | ||||
| 0.01% | Reference | Reference | ||
| 0.02% | 0.74 (0.53–0.95) | 0.044 | 0.67 (0.38–0.96) | 0.04 b |
| Intraocular pressure (mmHg) | 1.06 (0.96–1.16) | 0.22 | 1.05 (0.95–1.15) | 0.65 |
| Pupil diameter (mm) | 1.07 (0.72–1.42) | 0.86 | 0.84 (0.53–1.15) | 0.74 |
| Accommodation amplitude (D) | 0.95 (0.88–1.02) | 0.08 | 0.99 (0.85–1.13) | 0.36 |
| Corneal curvature (D) | 0.86 (0.70–1.02) | 0.16 | 0.84 (0.58–1.10) | 0.21 |
| Corneal astigmatism (D) | 0.62 (0.18–1.06) | 0.32 | 0.58 (0.12–1.04) | 0.52 |
| Anterior chamber depth (mm) | 3.88 (1.34–6.42) | 0.01 | 1.15 (0.22–2.08) | 0.93 |
| Spherical equivalent refractive error (D) | 1.34 (1.13–1.55) | 0.0003 | 1.02 (0.73–1.31) | 0.65 |
| AL baseline (mm) | 0.60 (0.44–0.76) | 0.0001 | 0.46 (0.21–0.71) | 0.03 c |
| Outdoor activity (hours per day)※ | 0.84 (0.65–1.03) | 0.11 | 0.93 (0.71–1.15) | 0.52 |
| Nearwork (hours per day)# | 0.75 (0.42–1.08) | 0.35 | 0.82 (0.60−1.04) | 0.33 |
| Change in pupil diameter between 1 year and baseline (mm) | 0.56 (0.37–0.75) | 0.03 | 0.46 (0.24–0.68) | 0.04 d |
| Change in accommodation amplitude between 1 year and baseline (D) | 0.58 (0.12–1.04) | 0.21 | 0.60 (0.20–1.00) | 0.49 |
The bold represents P value less than 0.05.
Note: # due to: Spherical equivalent refractive error > -1.25D (N = 8) or <—6.0D (N = 2), astigmatism ≤—2.0D (N = 3), intraocular pressure > 21 mmHg (N = 2), had cataract surgery (N = 1).
OR odds ratio; CI confidence interval.
aAdjusted: body mass index (BMI), spherical equivalent refractive error (SER), accommodation amplitude (AMP), anterior chamber depth (ACD), outdoor activity and nearwork.
bAdjusted: age, parental myopia status, SER, AMP, corneal curvature, ACD and nearwork.
cAdjusted: gender, age, BMI, SER, AMP, corneal curvature, ACD, outdoor activity and nearwork.
dAdjusted: age, BMI, SER, AMP, pupil diameter, corneal curvature, ACD and nearwork.
※Outdoor activity = outdoor exercise + outdoor leisure activity. # Nearwork = 3* (homework + reading + playing on cell phone) + 2* (using computer + playing video game) + 1* (watching TV).