Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of participants with and without diabetes.
| Controls | Type 1 diabetes CX− | Type 1 diabetes CX+ | |
|---|---|---|---|
| n (% men) | 253 (44.7) | 221 (44.3) | 117 (47.0) |
| Age (years) | 36 ± 15 | 30 ± 15* | 33 ± 18 |
| T1D duration (years) | – | 14 ± 11 | 21 ± 14† |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.1 ± 0.4 | 8.0 ± 1.2* | 8.9 ± 2.0*† |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 32.4 ± 4.1 | 64.3 ± 13.1* | 73.7 ± 21.9*† |
| At HbA1c target (%)a | – | 21.9 | 17.7 |
| Total Cholesterol (mmol/L) | 5.2 ± 1.0 | 4.6 ± 0.9* | 4.8 ± 1.2* |
| HDL–C (mmol/L) | 1.5 ± 0.4 | 1.5 ± 0.4 | 1.4 ± 0.4 |
| LDL-C (mmol/L) | 3.1 ± 1.0 | 2.7 ± 0.9* | 2.8 ± 1.0 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.4 ± 4.3 | 24.7 ± 4.0 | 26.6 ± 6.3† |
| SBP (mmHg) | 121 ± 15 | 117 ± 15* | 126 ± 21† |
| DBP (mm Hg) | 69 ± 10 | 66 ± 9* | 69 ± 12† |
| Pulse Pressure (mmHg) | 52 ± 9 | 54 ± 9 | 63 ± 13*† |
| Serum creatinine (µmol/L) | 80 (70, 90) | 80 (70, 90) | 90 (80, 107)*† |
| Urine ACR (mg/mmol) | 0.47 (0.32, 0.80) | 0.50 (0.35, 0.87) | 2.21 (0.89, 15.51)*† |
| eGFR (ml/min/m2) | 104 (88, 119) | 108 (89, 134) | 96 (72, 120)† |
| Retinopathy n (%) | – | – | 79 (68) |
| Nephropathy n (%) | – | – | 82 (71) |
| CVD n (%) | – | – | 20 (17) |
Data shown: mean ± SD or median (LQ, UQ).
*p < 0.05 versus CON.
†p < 0.05 versus Type 1 diabetes CX-.
aHbA1c target: ≤ 7% (53 mmol/mol) for adults, ≤ 7.5% (58 mmol/mol) for adolescents.