Fig. 2. AlgXO microcapsules show reduced inflammatory response after 2 weeks transplantation.
a Study design to compare and quantify the inflammatory response against AlgXO and CTRL microcapsules. A 2-week study was performed since this timeframe is suitable for resolving and reflecting both innate and adaptive immune system as well as fibrotic responses to implanted materials in C57/BL6 mice. Blood was collected on days 7 and 14 for immunocytes and inflammatory cytokines analyses (n = 4 mice). b Two weeks after implantation, MCP-1 chemokine was 3.7-fold less in the bloodstream of mice that had received AlgXO versus the ones transplanted with CTRL. c CD45 + CD11b + Ly6ChighLy6Gmed inflammatory monocytes were significantly lower (p = 0.002) in the bloodstream of mice transplanted with AlgXO compared to CTRL (n = 3 mice). d While captured images from explants and their BF microscopy are similar, sections and scanning electron micrographs from two weeks explants show different immune environment around microcapsules. White arrows show the localization of grafts and yellow arrows point to the cells infiltrated around microcapsules. e, f Fixed fibrotic tissues were later sectioned and stained for subpopulations of immunocytes. Normalized areas of DAPI, CD68, and MHCII around explant microenvironments of AlgXO were significantly lower than CTRL microcapsules (n = 4 mice). g Total cells of fibrotic tissues were isolated and stained for flow cytometry analyses of immunocytes subpopulation. tSNE plots further demonstrate the different immune environment around AlgXO and CTRL explants. We further conducted a query on a subpopulation that is present on CTRL but absent in AlgXO immune environment. This subpopulation is CD45 + CD11b + CD19 + MHCII + CD3−Ly6C−, which is likely to be the memory B cells sob-population. Results are mean ± SD, and statistical significance is calculated through unpaired t-test with Welch’s correction.