Table 1.

Summary of contact-based PPG and rPPG methods for pulse rate monitoring.

Authors	Year	Contact sensor-based on light reflection	Noncontact video-based	Subject demographic diversity	Lab control environment	Outside-the-lab study
Yang et al.15	1998	✓
Rhee et al.16	2001	✓
Renevey et al.17	2001	✓			✓
Celka et al.20	2004	✓			✓
Mendelson and Pujary18	2006	✓			✓
Wang et al.19	2007	✓			✓
Verkruysee et al.27	2008		✓		✓
Poh et al.29	2010		✓		✓
Poh et al.21	2010	✓			✓
Lewandowska et al.28	2011		✓		✓
Hao-Yu Wu et al.30	2012		✓		✓
Tamura23	2014	✓			✓
De Haan and Van Leest31	2014		✓	✓	✓
Tautan 24	2015	✓			✓
Wang et al. (POS)32	2016		✓	✓	✓
Wang et al. (SSR)33	2017		✓	✓	✓
Castaneda25	2018	✓
Prakash and Tucker (BKF)34	2018		✓	✓	✓
Chen and McDuff (DeepPhys)36	2018		✓		✓
Niu et al. (Synrhythm)37	2018		✓		✓
Speltik et al. (HR-CNN)38	2018		✓		✓
Pilz (Spherical Mean)35	2019		✓		✓
Zhang26	2019	✓			✓
Yu et al. (PhysNet)39	2019		✓		✓
Bent et al. 11	2020	✓		✓	✓
Current study	2021	✓	✓	✓		✓