Table 3.

Environmental and spatial covariates assessed and their sources.

Covariate	Source
Rainfall	NASA Tropical Rainfall Monitoring Mission (TRMM)25
Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) and Normalised Differential Vegetation Index (NDVI)	NASA Terra Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS)26,27
Elevation	NASA Terra ASTER global digital elevation model (DEM)28
Slope, aspect, topographic wetness index (TWI)	Derived from elevation raster
Land class water body situated in	Classified land cover map of Sabah, prepared as described by29
Distance of water body to 9 land classes: bush forest, rubber, coconut/mixed plantation, palm oil plantation, rice, built, grassland/ cleared land, intact forest, water	Classified land cover map of Sabah, prepared as described by29
Recent deforestation	Time series of drone imagery of the study site collected in 2014, prepared as described by30
Vegetation density and diversity	Aerial drone imagery of the study site
General habitat fragmentation	Extracted from classified land cover map

The methods used to extract each covariate from their corresponding raster are described in Supplementary Information Table 4.