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. 2021 Jun 3;11:11804. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-91097-3

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Two-factor structure of retinal roughness. Each vector represents the fractal dimension of a retinal layer; the lower the angle between two vectors, the stronger the correlation between the fractal dimensions of the corresponding layers. (a) The two nearly perpendicular bouquets of vectors suggest that layer roughness might be affected by two independent factors -represented by the two coordinate axes- each one acting mainly on the layers corresponding to its bouquet. (b) When MMSE, visual acuity and age are included in the factor analysis, only visual acuity shows a relevant and negative relationship with the factor linked to the vector subset headed by inner plexiform layer. The data led to the identification of the two independent factors as the beginning of the retinal inflammatory process (factor 1) and the dysregulation of the choroidal vascular network (factor 2). NFL nerve fiber layer, GCL ganglion cell layer, IPL inner plexiform layer, INL inner nuclear layer, OPL outer plexiform layer, ONL outer nuclear layer, IS/OS inner segment/outer segment layer, OSL outer segment layer, OPR outer segment PR/RPE complex, RPE retinal pigment epithelium, MMSE Mini-Mental State Examination.