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. 2021 May 21;8:654125. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2021.654125

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Copyright © 2021 Massé, Lardé, Fairbrother, Roy, Francoz, Dufour and Archambault.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Proportion of farms with a least one resistant (intermediate and resistant combined) Escherichia coli from any sample or any season from 101 dairy farms from Québec, Canada. On each farm, between 4 and 6 E. coli were tested for each antimicrobial. Importance of antimicrobial for human medicine according to World Health Organization (15). AMC amoxicillin-clavulanic acid; AMP, ampicillin; AZM, azithromycin; CHL, chloramphenicol; CIP, ciprofloxacin; CRO, ceftriaxone; DAN, danofloxacin; ENR, enrofloxacin; FIS, sulfisoxazole; FOX, cefoxitin; GEN, gentamicin; MEM, meropenem; NAL, nalidixic acid; NEO, neomycin; SPT, spectinomycin; STR, streptomycin; SXT, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole; TET, tetracycline; TIO, ceftiofur.