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. 2021 May 21;8:654125. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2021.654125

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Copyright © 2021 Massé, Lardé, Fairbrother, Roy, Francoz, Dufour and Archambault.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Proportion of resistant (intermediate and resistant combined) Escherichia coli isolated from calves (; n = 195), cows (; n = 202), and manure pits (; n = 196) from 101 dairy farms from Québec, Canada. Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals. Importance of antimicrobial for human medicine according to World Health Organization (15). *Statistically different (p < 0.05) probabilities of resistance between isolates obtained from calves, cows, or manure pit and estimated using either a logistic regression model with robust variance to account for clustering by farm (AMP, CHL, FIS, SPT, STR, SXT, TET), or a Fisher exact test (AMC, AZM, CRO, DAN, ENR, FOX, GEN, NAL, NEO, TIO). AMC, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid; AMP, ampicillin; AZM, azithromycin; CHL, chloramphenicol; CIP, ciprofloxacin; CRO, ceftriaxone; DAN, danofloxacin; ENR, enrofloxacin; FIS, sulfisoxazole; FOX, cefoxitin; GEN, gentamicin; MEM, meropenem; NAL, nalidixic acid; NEO, neomycin; SPT, spectinomycin; STR, streptomycin; SXT, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole; TET, tetracycline; TIO, ceftiofur.

Inline graphic — Proportion of resistant (intermediate and resistant combined) Escherichia coli isolated from calves (; n = 195), cows (; n = 202), and manure pits (; n = 196) from 101 dairy farms from Québec, Canada. Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals. Importance of antimicrobial for human medicine according to World Health Organization (15). *Statistically different (p < 0.05) probabilities of resistance between isolates obtained from calves, cows, or manure pit and estimated using either a logistic regression model with robust variance to account for clustering by farm (AMP, CHL, FIS, SPT, STR, SXT, TET), or a Fisher exact test (AMC, AZM, CRO, DAN, ENR, FOX, GEN, NAL, NEO, TIO). AMC, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid; AMP, ampicillin; AZM, azithromycin; CHL, chloramphenicol; CIP, ciprofloxacin; CRO, ceftriaxone; DAN, danofloxacin; ENR, enrofloxacin; FIS, sulfisoxazole; FOX, cefoxitin; GEN, gentamicin; MEM, meropenem; NAL, nalidixic acid; NEO, neomycin; SPT, spectinomycin; STR, streptomycin; SXT, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole; TET, tetracycline; TIO, ceftiofur.