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. 2021 Jun 3;12:3303. doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-23069-0

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — The amount of biofilm biomass shown as a percentage of that formed on Ti-OH under a anaerobic and b aerobic cultivation evaluated by crystal violet staining (n = 10). Fluorescent staining illustrating the live/dead distribution of c anaerobic bacteria and d aerobic bacteria (green for live cells, red for dead cells; scale bars = 20 μm). Quantitative analysis of the live/dead staining results for e anaerobic and f aerobic bacteria (n = 3). ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001; Student’s t test; all error bars = s.d.