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. 2021 Jun 3;11:11721. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-90895-z

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Nectar NPAAs did not affect food consumption by bees kept in caged conditions under three different feeding regimes for up to 10 days. Plots represent fitted means for the factors “syringe content” (NPAA vs Sucrose) and “experimental condition” (S–S, NPAA-NPAA, S-NPA) and the covariate time “day”. Overall, bees did not consume more NPAA-laced solutions compared to control ones (GLMM, Syringe: GABA: p = 0.31; β-ALA: p = 0.71; TAU: p = 0.34; CIT: p = 0.71; ORN: p = 0.53). Per capita food consumption increased over time in all groups (GLMM all group p < 0.001). NPAAs did not induce phagostimulation or loss of appetite (GLMM, Experimental condition: GABA: p = 0.58; β-ALA: p = 0.34; TAU: p = 0.64; CIT: p = 0.67; ORN: p = 0.56).