Fig. 4. Cellular mechanisms of Azithromycin and Nafamostat mesylate induced KSHV lytic reactivation.

a BCP-1 cells were treated with indicated concentrations of Azithromycin or Nafamostat mesylate for 72 h, then protein expression was measured by immunoblots. b The iSLK.219 cells were pre-treated with U0126 (10 μg/mL), a MAPK kinase inhibitor, for 12 h, then addition of Azithromycin together with doxycycline (Dox, 0.1 µg/mL) induction for 72 h. c The iSLK.219 cells were transiently transfected with a construct expressing NF-κB p65 (pcFLAG-p65 at 0.1 or 0.4 μg, respectively) or control vector, then addition of Nafamostat mesylate together with Dox induction for 72 h. The expression of RFP and GFP was detected using fluorescence microscopy. d The effects of U0126 and pcFLAG-p65 transfection on signaling activities were confirmed by immunoblots. Representative blots from one of two independent experiments were shown.