Table 5.
The cardioprotective and anti-hypertensive effects of CQ and HCQ in animal studies
| Types of animal | Types of induction | Treatment, dose, route and duration | Research outcomes | Mechanism of action | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male C57BL mice | STZ (60 mg/kg, i.p.) | CQ (60 mg/kg/day, i.p., 14 days) | Diastolic cardiac function: ↑ | LC3-II: ↑, p62: ↑, Beclin1: ↔, autophagic vacuoles: ↓ | 24 |
| Male Sprague-Dawley rats | Monocrotaline (60 mg/kg) | CQ (20 or 50 mg/kg/day, i.p., 20 days) | RVSP: ↓, cardiac output: ↑, cardiac contractility: ↑ | p62: ↑, Ki67: ↓, TUNEL-positive cells: ↑, BMPR-II: ↑ | 65 |
| HCQ (50 mg/kg/day, i.p., 20 days) | RVSP: ↓ | - | |||
| Young spontaneous hypertensive rats | - | CQ (40 mg/kg/day, i.p., 21 days) | SBP: ↓ | MyD88: ↓, TRAF6: ↓, p-NF-κB: ↓, immune cell recruitment and infiltration into the vasculature: ↓ | 66 |
| Adult spontaneous hypertensive rats | - | CQ (40 mg/kg/day, i.p., 21 days) | - | TLR8: ↑, MyD88: ↑, IRAK: ↑, p-NF-κB: ↑ | |
| Adult spontaneous hypertensive rats | - | CQ (40 mg/kg/day, i.p., 21 days) | SBP: ↓ | COX enzymes: ↓, ROS: ↓, nitric oxide: ↑, MMP: ↓ | 67 |
Abbreviations: BMPR-II, bone morphogenetic protein receptor type II; COX, cyclooxygenase; CQ, chloroquine; HCQ, hydroxychloroquine; i.p., intraperitoneal; IRAK, IL-1 receptor-associated kinase; MMP, matrix metallopeptidase; MyD88; myeloid differentiation primary response 88; p-NF-κB, phosphorylated nuclear factor-kappa B; ROS, reactive oxygen species; RVSP, right ventricular systolic pressure; STZ, streptozotocin; TLR8, Toll-like receptor 8; TRAF6, tumour necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6; ↑, increase/stimulate; ↓, decrease/inhibit; ↔, no change.