Table 7.

The anti-obesity effects of CQ and HCQ in animal studies

Types of animal	Types of induction	Treatment, dose, route and duration	Research outcomes	Mechanism of action	Reference
Male C57BL/6J mice	High-fat diet (60% fat)	HCQ (40 mg/kg/day, pre-treatment, i.p., 17 weeks)	Weight gain: ↓, fat mass: ↓	Inflammation IL-1β: ↓, IL-6: ↓, TNF-α: ↓, MCP-1: ↓, CD68: ↓, Arg1: ↓ Lipid metabolism CPT1α: ↑, CPT1β: ↑, PPAR-γ: ↓, Mgat-1: ↓, SREBP1c: ↓, ChREBP: ↓, ACC: ↓, FAS: ↓	29
Adult spontaneous hypertensive rats	-	CQ (40 mg/kg/day, i.p., 21 days)	Body weight: ↓	COX enzymes: ↓, ROS: ↓, nitric oxide: ↑, MMP: ↓	67
Male C57BL mice	STZ (60 mg/kg, i.p.)	CQ (60 mg/kg/day, i.p., 14 days)	Body weight: ↔	LC3-II: ↑, p62: ↑, Beclin1: ↔, autophagic vacuoles: ↓	24

Abbreviations: ACC, acetyl-CoA carboxylase; Arg1, arginase 1; CD, cluster of differentiation; ChREBP, carbohydrate response element binding protein; COX, cyclooxygenase; CPT1α, carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 alpha; CPT1β, carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 beta; CQ, chloroquine; FAS; fatty acid synthase; HCQ, hydroxychloroquine; IL-1β, interleukin-1 beta; IL-6, interleukin-6; i.p., intraperitoneal; MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; Mgat-1, monoacylglycerol-O-acyltransferase; MMP, matrix metallopeptidase; PPAR-γ, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma; ROS, reactive oxygen species; SREBP1c, sterol regulatory element-binding transcription factor 1; STZ, streptozotocin; TNF-α, tumour necrosis factor-alpha; ↑, increase/stimulate; ↓, decrease/inhibit; ↔, no change.