Table 2.

Tissue-based immunohistochemistry biomarkers in ovarian cancer

	Expression or ratio	Potential clinical use	Example study
			Study	Studied biomarkers	Subsite	Patients (n)
EMT and metastasis
CTHRC1	Increased	Poor prognosis	Hou, M., et al. (2015)59	CTHRC1	EOC	88
ZEB2	Increased	Poor prognosis	Prislei, S., et al. (2015)60	ZEB2	EOC	143
CD44v6	Increased	Poor prognosis	Tjhay, F., et al. (2015)61	CD44v6	EOC	59
miR-506	Increased	Good prognosis	Sun, Y., et al. (2015)62	miR-506	EOC	204
FILIP1L	Increased	Good prognosis	Kwon, M., et al. (2016)63	FILIP1L	OC	369
Par3	Decreased	Good prognosis	Nakamura, H., et al. (2016)64	Par3	OC	50
MMP-14, CD44	Double expression	Poor prognosis	Vos, M. C., et al. (2016)65	MMP-14, CD44	OC	97
OTUB1	Expression	Poor prognosis	Wang, Y., et al. (2016)66	OTUB1	OC	200
ESRP1	Increased	Good prognosis	Chen, L., et al. (2017)67	ESRP1	EOC	109
MDM2	Increased	Good prognosis	Chen, Y., et al. (2017)68	MDM2	OC	104
CD24	Increased	Poor prognosis	Nakamura, K., et al. (2017)69	CD24	OC	174
CCNG1	Increased	Poor prognosis	Xu, Y., et al. (2019)70	CCNG1	HGSOC	266
DDR2	Increased	Poor prognosis	Ramalho, S., et al. (2019)71	DDR2	HGSOC	78
Inflammation and immune response
CD8/Treg ratio	Increased	Good prognosis	Knutson, K. L., et al. (2015)72	CD8/Treg ratio	EOC	405
PD-1, PD-L1	Increased	Good prognosis	Darb-Esfahani, S., et al. (2016)73	PD-1, PD-L1	HGSOC	215
Tumour-infiltrating B cell and plasma cell	Increased	Poor prognosis	Lundgren, S., et al. (2016)74	Tumour-infiltrating B cell and plasma cell	EOC	154
TIL	Increased	Good prognosis	James, F. R., et al. (2017)75	TIL	EOC	707
T-bet+ TILs	Increased	Good prognosis	Xu, Y., et al. (2017)76	T-bet+ TILs	EOC	81
PD-L1	Increased	Poor prognosis	Zhu, J., et al. (2017)77	PD-L1	OCCC	138
Transcription factors WT1 and p53	Increased	Poor prognosis	Carter, J. H., et al. (2018)78	Transcription factors WT1 and p53	OC	96
SOCS-1	Increased	Poor prognosis	Nakagawa, S., et al. (2018)79	SOCS-1	OC	83
PD-L1	Increased	Good prognosis	Kim, K. H., et al. (2019)80	PD-L1	EOC	248
TIL	Increased	Good prognosis	Mauricio, P., et al. (2019)81	TIL	HGSOC	128
RCAS1-Ir	Increased	Poor prognosis	Szubert, S., et al. (2019)82	RCAS1-Ir	EOC	67
VISTA	Expression	Good prognosis	Zong, L., et al. (2020)83	VISTA	OC	146
Co-expression of CD8+ and granzyme B+	Increased	Good prognosis	Jäntti, T., et al. (2020)84	Co-expression of CD8+ and granzyme B+	HGSOC	67
Antioxidant
Nrf2	Expression	Poor prognosis	Liew, P. L., et al. (2015)85	Nrf2	OC	108
SOD2	Increased	Poor prognosis	Amano, T., et al. (2019)86	SOD2	EAOC	61
Angiogenesis
pIKK	Expression	Poor prognosis	Kinose, Y., et al. (2015)87	pIKK	OC	94
PDGFβR	Increased	Poor prognosis	Corvigno, S., et al. (2016)88	PDGFβR	SOC	186
VEGF-R1, VEGF-R2	Expression	Good prognosis	Skirnisdottir, I., et al. (2016)89	VEGF-R1, VEGF-R2	EOC	131
Nestin	Increased	Poor prognosis	Onisim, A., et al. (2016)90	Nestin	SOC	85
MIG-7	Increased	Poor prognosis	Huang, B., et al. (2016)91	MIG-7	EOC	121
PTEN	Expression	Good prognosis	Shen, W., et al. (2017)92	PTEN	OC	76
HIF-lα and VEGF	Expression	Poor prognosis	Shen, W., et al. (2017)92	HIF-lα and VEGF	OC	76
AEG-1	Increased	Poor prognosis	Yu, X., et al. (2018)93	AEG-1	EOC	170
VEGF, SEMA4D	Expression	Poor prognosis	Chen, Y., et al. (2018)94	VEGF, SEMA4D	EOC	124
TBC1D16	Increased	Good prognosis	Yang, Z., et al. (2018)95	TBC1D16	EOC	156
PGF	Increased	Poor prognosis	Meng, Q., et al. (2018)96	PGF	EOC	89
VEGF-A	Decreased	Poor prognosis	Sopo, M., et al. (2019)97	VEGF-A	OC	86
vasohibin-1, MACC1	Increased	Poor prognosis	Yu, L., et al. (2019)98	vasohibin-1, MACC1	SOC	124
Tie-2	Increased	Poor prognosis	Sopo, M., et al. (2020)99	Tie-2	HGSOC	86
Cell proliferation
FASN	Increased	Poor prognosis	Cai, Y., et al. (2015)100	FASN	OC	60
CD73	Increased	Poor prognosis	Turcotte, M., et al. (2015)101	CD73	HGSOC	208
SPINK1	Increased	Poor prognosis	Mehner, C., et al. (2015)102	SPINK1	EOC	490
KCNN4, S100A14	Increased	Poor prognosis	Zhao, H., et al. (2016)103	KCNN4, S100A14	SOC	127
EGFR	Increased	Poor prognosis	Xu, L., et al. (2016)104	EGFR	EOC	67
Gab1	Increased	Poor prognosis	Hu, L. and R. Liu (2016)105	Gab1	EOC	124
IL-36α	Decreased	Poor prognosis	Chang, L., et al. (2017)106	IL-36α	EOC	96
DOT1L	Increased	Poor prognosis	Zhang, X., et al. (2017)107	DOT1L	OC	250
KRT5, KRT6	Increased	Poor prognosis	Ricciardelli, C., et al. (2017)108	KRT5, KRT6	SOC	117
hLSR	Increased	Poor prognosis	Hiramatsu, K., et al. (2018)109	hLSR	EOC	104
PAUF, TIR4	TLR4high and PAUFhigh/TLR4high	Poor prognosis	Choi, C. H., et al. (2018)110	PAUF, TIR4	EOC	205
PCDH8	Decreased	Poor prognosis	Cao, Y., et al. (2018)111	PCDH8	OC	68
RIF1	Increased	Poor prognosis	Liu, Y. B., et al. (2018)112	RIF1	EOC	72
FGFR2	Increased	Poor prognosis	Li, M., et al. (2018)113	FGFR2	OC	426
FOXO1/PAX3	Increased	Poor prognosis	Han, G. H., et al. (2019)114	FOXO1 / PAX3	EOC	212
pStat3	Increased	Poor prognosis	Li, H., et al. (2020)115	pStat3	EOC	156
ATAD2	Increased	Poor prognosis	Liu, Q., et al. (2020)116	ATAD2	OC	60
Cell migration
GRO-β	Increased	Poor prognosis	Ye, Q., et al. (2015)117	GRO-β	OC	136
B7-H6	Increased	Poor prognosis	Zhou, Y., et al. (2015)118	B7-H6	OC	110
OCT4, Notch1 and DLL4	Increased	Poor prognosis	Yu, L., et al. (2016)119	OCT4, Notch1 and DLL4	EOC	207
EphA8	Increased	Poor prognosis	Liu, X., et al. (2016)120	EphA8	OC	233
AGTR1	Increased	Poor prognosis	Zhang, Q., et al. (2019)121	AGTR1	EOC	902
Cell invasion
CK2α	Increased	Poor prognosis	Ma, Z., et al. (2017)122	CK2α	EOC	117
CEP55	Increased	Poor prognosis	Zhang, W., et al (2017)123	CEP55	EOC	213
ANXA1	Increased	Good prognosis	Manai, M., et al. (2020)124	ANXA1	EOC	156
Cell proliferation and migration
MAP3K8	Increased	Poor prognosis	Gruosso, T., et al. (2015)125	MAP3K8	HGSOC	139
IL-33/ST2 axis	Increased	Poor prognosis	Tong, X., et al. (2016)126	IL-33/ST2 axis	EOC	152
CDCP1, ADAM12	Decreased	Good prognosis	Vlad, C., et al. (2016)127	CDCP1, ADAM12	SOC	102
FGFRL1	Increased	Poor prognosis	Tai, H., et al. (2018)128	FGFRL1	OC	90
HSDL2	Increased	Poor prognosis	Sun, Q., et al. (2018)129	HSDL2	OC	74
DUSP2	Decreased	Poor prognosis	Liu, W., et al. (2019)130	DUSP2	HGSOC	127
Kallistatin (KAL)	Decreased	Poor prognosis	Wu, H., et al. (2019)131	Kallistatin (KAL)	HGSOC	312
YTHDF1-EIF3C axis	Increased	Poor prognosis	Liu, T., et al. (2020)132	YTHDF1-EIF3C axis	OC	134
Cell proliferation and invasion
IL-6R	Increased	Good prognosis	Isobe, A., et al. (2015)133	IL-6R	OC	94
Usp7, MARCH7	Increased	Poor prognosis	Zhang, L., et al. (2016)134	Usp7, MARCH7	EOC	121
PPA1	Increased	Poor prognosis	Li, H., et al. (2017)135	PPA1	SOC	139
PATZ1	Increased	Good prognosis	Zhao, C., et al. (2018)136	PATZ1	SOC	208
Cell migration and invasion
ARMC8	Increased	Poor prognosis	Jiang, G., et al.(2015)137	ARMC8	OC	247
galectin-1	Increased	Poor prognosis	Chen, L., et al. (2015)138	galectin-1	EOC	110
MAGE-A9	Increased	Poor prognosis	Xu, Y., et al. (2015)139	MAGE-A9	EOC	128
TROP2	Increased	Poor prognosis	Xu, N., et al. (2016)140	TROP2	EOC	128
GALNT6	Increased	Poor prognosis	Lin, T. C., et al. (2017)141	GALNT6	EOC	78
Galectin-1	Increased	Poor prognosis	Schulz, H., et al. (2017)142	Galectin-1	OC	156
Galectin-3	Increased	Poor prognosis	Schulz, H., et al. (2017)142	Galectin-3	OC	156
Galectin-7	Increased	Good prognosis	Schulz, H., et al. (2017)142	Galectin-7	OC	156
REDD1	Increased	Poor prognosis	Chang, B., et al. (2018)143	REDD1	OC	229
RacGAP1	Decreased	Good prognosis	Wang, C., et al. (2018)144	RacGAP1	EOC	117
PAI-1, PAI-RBP1	Increased	Poor prognosis	Koensgen, D., et al. (2018)145	PAI-1, PAI-RBP1	OC	156
PRDX-1	Increased	Poor prognosis	Sienko, J., et al. (2019)146	PRDX-1	OC	55
KAI1	Decreased	Poor prognosis	Yu, L., et al. (2019)98	KAI1	SOC	124
CAV1, ATG4C	Increased	Poor prognosis	Zeng, Y., et al. (2020)147	CAV1, ATG4C	EOC	95
Cell proliferation, migration and invasion
CH13L1, FKBP4	Increased	Poor prognosis	Lawrenson, K., et al. (2015)148	CH13L1, FKBP4	EOC	200
REG4	Increased	Poor prognosis	Chen, S., et al. (2015)149	REG4	EOC	337
Spry2	Decreased	Poor prognosis	Masoumi-Moghaddam, S., et al. (2015)150	Spry2	OC	99
SWI/SNF subunits	Decreased	Poor prognosis	Abou-Taleb, H., et al. (2016)151	SWI/SNF subunits	EOC	152
KIF2A	Decreased	Poor prognosis	Wang, D., et al. (2016)152	KIF2A	EOC	111
Salusin-β	Increased	Poor prognosis	Zhang,Q.,et al.(2017)153	Salusin-β	OC	57
P38α, ATF2	Increased	Poor prognosis	Song,W.J.,et al.(2017)154	P38α, ATF2	OSC	120
nERβ5	Increased	Poor prognosis	Chan, K. K. L., et al. (2017)155	nERβ5	OC	106
SENP3/SMT3IP1	Increased	Poor prognosis	Cheng, J., et al. (2017)156	SENP3/SMT3IP1	EOC	124
BCL6, Lewis y	Increased	Poor prognosis	Zhu, L., et al. (2017)157	BCL6, Lewis y	OC	103
CXCL11, HMGA2	Increased	Poor prognosis	Jin, C., et al. (2018)158	CXCL11, HMGA2	HGSOC	110
HS3ST2	Decreased	Poor prognosis	Huang, R.L., et al. (2018)159	HS3ST2	EOC	115
KIF2A	Increased	Poor prognosis	Sheng, N., et al. (2018)160	KIF2A	OC	108
TRIM59	Increased	Good prognosis	Wang, Y., et al. (2018)161	TRIM59	OC	192
S100A10	Increased	Poor prognosis	Wang, L., et al. (2019)162	S100A10	OC	138
PYGB	Increased	Poor prognosis	Zhou, Y., et al. (2019)163	PYGB	OC	94
Glycosylation disorder of protein
GalNAs T6, T14	Increased	Poor prognosis	Sheta, R., et al. (2017)164	GalNAs T6, T14	HGSOC	131
Mitotic process
TOPK	Increased	Poor prognosis	Ikeda, Y., et al. (2016)165	TOPK	EOC	163
HER2, AURKA	Increased	Poor prognosis	Li, M.J., et al. (2017)166	HER2, AURKA	OCCC	60
KIF14	Increased	Poor prognosis	Qiu, H. L., et al. (2017)167	KIF14	EOC	170
Apoptosis process
PDCD5	Decreased	Poor prognosis	Gao, L., et al. (2015)168	PDCD5	OC	127
MDM2	Increased	Poor prognosis	Makii, C., et al. (2016)169	MDM2	OCCC	75
DNA-PKcs, Akt3, p53	Increased	Poor prognosis	Shin, K., et al. (2016)170	DNA-PKcs, Akt3, p53	SOC	132
Gal-1, Gal-8, Gal-9p	Increased	Poor prognosis	Labrie, M., et al. (2017)171	Gal-1, Gal-8, Gal-9p	HGSOC	209
Cell survival (telomerase activity)
Phosphorylated Akt, hTERT	Increased	Poor prognosis	Lee, Y. K., et al. (2015)172	phosphorylated Akt, hTERT	EOC	92
Chemotherapeutic sensitivity
JARID1B	Increased	Poor prognosis	Wang, L., et al. (2015)173	JARID1B	EOC	120
ALDH1	Increased	Good prognosis	Ayub, T. H., et al. (2015)174	ALDH1	EOC	55
PRP4K	Increased	Good prognosis	Corkery, D. P., et al. (2015)175	PRP4K	OC	199
HtrA2	Decreased	Poor prognosis	Miyamoto, M., et al. (2015)176	HtrA2	HGSOC	142
PTEN	Increased	Good prognosis	Wang, L., et al. (2015)177	PTEN	EOC	161
NF-κBp65	Increased	Poor prognosis	Wang, L., et al. (2015)177	NF-κBp65	EOC	161
eIF3a	Increased	Good prognosis	Zhang, Y., et al. (2015)178	eIF3a	OC	126
GTF2H5	Decreased	Good prognosis	Gayarre, J., et al. (2016)179	GTF2H5	HGSOC	117
POSTN	Increased	Poor prognosis	Sung, P. L., et al. (2016)180	POSTN	EOC	308
SOX10	Increased	Poor prognosis	Know, A.Y., et al. (2016)181	SOX10	EOC	203
GOLPH3L	Increased	Poor prognosis	He, S., et al. (2017)182	GOLPH3L	OC	177
LC3A	Increased	Poor prognosis	Miyamoto, M., et al. (2017)183	LC3A	OCCC	117
Stonin 2 (STON2)	Increased	Poor prognosis	Sun, X., et al. (2017)184	Stonin 2 (STON2)	EOC	89
GATA3	Increased	Poor prognosis	Chen, H. J., et al. (2018)185	GATA3	OC	196
EpCAM	Increased	Poor prognosis	Zhang, X., et al. (2018)186	EpCAM	EOC	109
UBC13	Decreased	Poor prognosis	Zhang, X., et al. (2018)187	UBC13	OC	71
14-3-3ζ	Increased	Poor prognosis	Kim, H. J., et al. (2018)188	14-3-3ζ	OC	88
KCNN3	Increased	Poor prognosis	Liu, X., et al. (2018)189	KCNN3	OC	57
HELQ	Increased	Poor prognosis	Long, J., et al. (2018)190	HELQ	EOC	87
P15 PAF (KIAA0101)	Increased	Poor prognosis	Jin, C., et al. (2018)191	P15 PAF (KIAA0101)	HGSOC	118
UTP23	Decreased	Poor prognosis	Fu, Z., et al. (2019)192	UTP23	OC	133
ABCB9	Decreased	Poor prognosis	Hou, L., et al. (2019)193	ABCB9	OC	308
PBK	Increased	Poor prognosis	Ma, H., et al. (2019)194	PBK	HGSOC	234
Sorcin	Decreased	Good prognosis	Zhang, S., et al. (2019)195	Sorcin	OC	60
PRC1	Increased	Poor prognosis	Bu, H., et al. (2020)196	PRC1	HGSOC	210
NCALD	Decreased	Poor prognosis	Feng, L. Y. and L. Li (2020)197	NCALD	EOC	239
Cell cycle regulation
CAP1	Increased	Poor prognosis	Hua, M., et al. (2015)198	CAP1	EOC	119
CCNE1	Increased	Poor prognosis	Ayhan, A., et al. (2017)199	CCNE1	OCCC	120
NUCKS	Increased	Poor prognosis	Shi, C., et al. (2017)200	NUCKS	OC	121
TK1	Increased	Poor prognosis	Wang, J., et al. (2017)201	TK1	SOC	109
Differentiation of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs)
MARCKS	Increased	Poor prognosis	Doghri, R., et al. (2017)202	MARCKS	EOC	118
Immunosuppression
VEGF	Increased	Poor prognosis	Horikawa, N., et al. (2017)203	VEGF	HGSOC	56
Metabolic reprogramming
TBC1D8	Increased	Poor prognosis	Chen, M., et al. (2019)204	TBC1D8	OC	141
Fatty acid metabolism
PAX2	Increased	Poor prognosis	Feng, Y., et al. (2020)205	PAX2	EOC	152
Defective DNA repair
WRAP53β	Decreased	Poor prognosis	Hedström, E., et al. (2015)206	WRAP53β	EOC	151
pH2AX	Increased	Poor prognosis	Mei, L., et al. (2015)207	pH2AX	EOC	87
Others
SLP-2	Increased	Poor prognosis	Sun, F., et al. (2015)208	SLP-2	EOC	140
CD44v8-10	Expression	Good prognosis	Sosulski, A., et al. (2016)209	CD44v8-10	SOC	210
P53	Increased	Poor prognosis	Zuo, J., et al. (2016)210	P53	SOC	183
Highly sulfated CS	Increased	Poor prognosis	Van der steen, S.C., et al. (2016)211	Highly sulfated CS	EOC	255
Adiponectin receptor-1 (AdipoR1)	Increased	Good prognosis	Li, X., et al. (2017)212	Adiponectin receptor-1 (AdipoR1)	EOC	73
TP53	Increased	Poor prognosis	Rzepecka, I. K., et al. (2017)213	TP53	HGSOC	159
SMAD3	Increased	Poor prognosis	Sakr, S., et al. (2017)214	SMAD3	GCT	88
ALDH5A1	Increased	Good prognosis	Tian, X., et al. (2017)215	ALDH5A1	OC	192
GR	Increased	Poor prognosis	Veneris, J. T., et al. (2017)216	GR	EOC	341
LAMP3	Increased	Poor prognosis	Wang, D., et al. (2017)217	LAMP3	EOC	135
HBXIP	Increased	Poor prognosis	Wang, Y., et al. (2017)218	HBXIP	OC	120
HSF1 pSer326	Expression	Poor prognosis	Yasuda, K., et al. (2017)219	HSF1 pSer326	EOC	122
COX-1, COX-2	Increased	Poor prognosis	Beeghly-Fadiel, A., et al. (2018)220	COX-1, COX-2	EOC	190
GPR30	Expression	Poor prognosis	Zhu, C. X., et al. (2018)221	GPR30	EOC	110
HJURP	Increased	Poor prognosis	Li, L., et al. (2018)222	HJURP	HGSOC	98
Galectins-8	Increased	Good prognosis	Schulz, H., et al. (2018)223	Galectins-8	OC	156
HER3	Expression	Poor prognosis	Chung, Y. W., et al. (2019)224	HER3	EOC	105
ANXA8	Increased	Poor prognosis	Gou, R., et al. (2019)225	ANXA8	OC	122
USP10/p14ARF	Decreased	Poor prognosis	Han, G. H., et al. (2019)226	USP10/p14ARF	EOC	212
PKP3	Increased	Poor prognosis	Qian, H., et al. (2019)227	PKP3	OC	157
PDGFR-β	Expression	Good prognosis	Szubert, S., et al. (2019)228	PDGFR-β	EOC	52
CN	Increased	Poor prognosis	Xin, B., et al. (2019)229	CN	OC	50
TSLP	Increased	Poor prognosis	Xu, L., et al. (2019)230	TSLP	EOC	144
BUB1B, KIF11 and KIF20A	Increased	Poor prognosis	Zhang, L., et al. (2019)231	BUB1B, KIF11 and KIF20A	OC	50
VDR	Increased	Poor prognosis	Czogalla, B., et al. (2020)232	VDR	EOC	156

Abbreviations: TIL: tumor infiltrates lymphocytes; Gal: Galectin; OC: ovarian cancer; HGSOC: High grade serous ovarian cancer; EOC: epithelial ovarian cancer.