Table 3.

Distribution of research activities during lockdown phase 1 and phase 2, according to Italian geographical area of work and role of responders; distributions for significant association (chi-square test) are reported

	Italian geographical area of work			Role
	Northern n = 333	Central n = 108	Southern n = 118	Director/GL/Professor n = 215	JGL n = 15	Researcher n = 190	Student n = 58	TAC n = 41
Lockdown phase
Institute research activities shutdown	P = 0.0003
Low	6.9	4.6	6.8
Neutral	33.3	30.6	54.2
High	59.8	64.8	39.0
Impact on face-to-face research activities	P = 0.0029			P = 0.0434
Low	9.2	2.8	8.9	7.1	0.0	5.5	14.3	10.0
Neutral	15.6	23.4	30.1	24.5	13.3	20.8	5.4	20.0
High	75.2	73.8	61.1	68.4	86.7	73.8	80.4	70.0
Use of smart working	P = 0.0121			P < 0.0001
Low	13.3	7.4	22.0	16.4	13.3	6.3	15.8	43.9
Neutral	27.8	36.1	30.5	32.2	26.7	30.0	26.3	19.5
High	58.9	56.5	47.5	51.4	60.0	63.7	57.9	36.6
Involvement in COVID-19 research protocols	P = 0.0284			P = 0.0031
No	71.2	68.5	57.8	58.1	86.7	71.4	79.3	68.3
Yes	28.8	31.5	42.2	41.9	13.3	28.6	20.7	31.7
Involvement in COVID-19 research activities/diagnosis				P < 0.0001
No				56.3	80.0	81.6	89.7	58.5
Yes				43.7	20.0	18.4	10.3	41.5
Number of worked hours per week				P < 0.0001
Increased				35.1	33.3	23.3	15.5	29.0
Unchanged				36.5	33.3	40.2	20.7	47.4
Decreased				28.5	33.3	36.5	63.8	23.7
Salary variation	P = 0.0053
Increased	1.2	0.0	4.4
Unchanged	97.3	94.4	94.8
Decreased	1.5	5.6	0.9
Phase2
Institute research activities resumed	P = 0.0457
No	18.3	14.8	27.1
Yes	81.7	85.2	72.9
Involvement in the drafting of internal guidelines for research activities during phase 2	P = 0.0141			P < 0.0001
No	82.8	93.4	89.0	75.7	93.3	91.1	91.1	92.7
Yes	17.2	6.6	11.0	24.3	6.7	9.0	8.9	7.3

GL, Group Leader; JGL, Junior Group Leader; TAC, Technician/Administrative/Consultant.