Table 1.
Summary of results obtained from the standard (ST) crossb of the Drosophila wing SMART after scoring marker-heterozygous (MH) flies (mwh +/+ flr3, wild-type wings) treated with Tl acetate (TlCH3COO) [0, 0.2, 2, 20, 200, 600 and 1200 μM] and Tl sulfate (Tl2SO4) [0, 0.2, 2, 20, 200 and 600 μM]; balancer heterozygous (BH) flies (mwh+/TM3, BdS)d. Milli-Q water and chromium trioxide (CrO3) [500 μM] served as negative and positive controls, respectively.
| Compound |
Conc. (μM) | Number of flies | Spots per Fly (Number of Spots) Statistical Diagnosisa |
Mean mwh clone size class | Clone formation per 105 cells per cell divisionc |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cross & Progeny Type | Small single spots (1–2 cells) m = 2 | Large single spots (>2 cells) m = 5 | Twin spots m = 5 |
Total spots m = 2 |
mwh clones | Observed | Control corrected | |||
|
Negative and positive controls | ||||||||||
| ST, MH | ||||||||||
| Milli-Q Water | 0 | 52 | 0.42 (022) | 0.13 (007) | 0.00 (000) | 0.56 (029) | 28 | 1.79 | 1.10 | |
| CrO3 |
500 |
58 |
3.28 (190) + |
4.57 (265) + |
4.28 (248) + |
12.12 (703) + |
659 |
3.28 |
23.30 |
22.20 |
|
Tl acetate treatments | ||||||||||
| ST, MH | ||||||||||
| Milli-Q Water | 0 | 45 | 0.49 (022) | 0.02 (001) | 0.00 (000) | 0.51 (023) | 23 | 1.39 | 1.05 | |
| TlCH3COO | 0.2 | 41 | 0.29 (012) - | 0.24 (010) + | 0.02 (001) - | 0.56 (023) - | 23 | 2.52 | 1.15 | 0.10 |
| TlCH3COO | 2 | 68 | 0.32 (022) - | 0.01 (001) - | 0.00 (000) - | 0.34 (023) - | 23 | 1.30 | 0.70 | -0.35 |
| TlCH3COO | 20 | 47 | 0.47 (022) - | 0.06 (003) - | 0.02 (001) - | 0.55 (026) - | 26 | 1.85 | 1.15 | 0.10 |
| TlCH3COO | 200 | 34 | 0.65 (022) - | 0.09 (003) - | 0.09 (003) - | 0.82 (028) - | 28 | 1.93 | 1.70 | 0.65 |
| TlCH3COO | 600 | 58 | 0.57 (033) - | 0.03 (002) - | 0.03 (002) - | 0.64 (037) - | 36 | 1.67 | 1.25 | 1.15 |
| TlCH3COO |
1200 |
62 |
0.45 (028) - |
0.05 (003) - |
0.00 (000) - |
0.50 (031) - |
31 |
1.61 |
1.05 |
0.00 |
|
Tl sulfate treatments | ||||||||||
| ST, MH | ||||||||||
| Milli-Q Water | 0 | 60 | 0.32 (019) | 0.05 (003) | 0.03 (002) | 0.40 (024) | 24 | 2.04 | 0.8 | |
| Tl2SO4 | 0.2 | 59 | 0.34 (020) - | 0.03 (002) - | 0.00 (000) - | 0.37 (022) - | 21 | 1.43 | 0.75 | -0.1 |
| Tl2SO4 | 2 | 56 | 0.30 (017) - | 0.12 (007) - | 0.02 (001) - | 0.45 (025) - | 22 | 2.18 | 0.80 | 0.0 |
| Tl2SO4 | 20 | 55 | 0.20 (011) - | 0.05 (003) - | 0.00 (000) - | 0.25 (014) - | 14 | 1.64 | 0.50 | -0.3 |
| Tl2SO4 | 200 | 50 | 0.22 (011) - | 0.10 (005) - | 0.04 (002) - | 0.36 (018) - | 17 | 2.18 | 0.70 | -0.1 |
| Tl2SO4 |
600 |
54 |
2.13 (115) + |
1.13 (061) + |
0.87 (047) + |
4.13 (223) + |
206 |
2.49 |
7.80 |
7.0 |
|
Tl sulfate treatment | ||||||||||
| ST, BH | ||||||||||
| Milli-Q Water | 0 | 60 | 0.12 (007) | 0.00 (000) | 0.00 (000) | 0.12 (007) | 7 | 0.71 | 0.25 | |
| Tl2SO4 | 600 | 60 | 0.45 (027) + | 0.02 (001) - | 0.00 (000)- | 0.47 (028) + | 28 | 0.57 | 0.90 | 0.65 |
Statistical diagnoses according to [25] m: minimal risk multiplication factor for the assessment of negative results. For the final statistical diagnosis of all positive (+) and negative (-) results the nonparametric Mann-Whitney and Wilcoxon U-test with significance levels α and β = 0.05 was used to exclude false positive or negative diagnoses [26]. One side binomial test, significance levels α and β: significant results: + (α ≤ 0.05); no significant results: - (β ≤ 0.05).
ST: standard cross.
Clone frequencies per fly divided by the number of cells examined per fly (48,800) provides an estimate of formation frequencies per cell and per cell division in chronic exposure experiments [26].
BH flies were scored to calculate the percentage of somatic mutation and recombination in this treatment [22].