Table 2. Lesion-Based Sensitivities of Each Imaging Modality Category for Localization of Primary Hyperparathyroidism.
| Source | Imaging modalitya | Choline PET-CT, % | MET PET-CT, % | MIBI SPECT, % | MIBI planar, % | Dual tracer, % | US, % | CT, % | MRI, % |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cuderman et al,105 2020 | FCH PET-CT vs MIBI SPECT-CT vs MIBI planar vs DT (MIBI-Tc) | 93.1 | NA | 55.7 | 38.9 | 41.2 | NA | NA | NA |
| Parra Ramírez et al,23 2019 | MIBI SPECT vs CE-US | NA | NA | 67.7 | NA | NA | 71.0 | NA | NA |
| Yeh et al,106 2019 | MIBI SPECT-CT vs 4D-CT | NA | NA | 58.0 | NA | NA | NA | 79.3 | NA |
| Amadou et al,107 2019 | FCH PET-CT vs MIBI planar vs US | 95.8 | NA | NA | 50.0 | NA | 54.2 | NA | NA |
| Beheshti et al,34 2018 | FCH PET-CT vs MIBI and TF SPECT-CT | 93.7 | NA | 60.8 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Cunha-Bezerra et al,108 2018 | MIBI planar vs US vs 4D-CT | NA | NA | NA | 42.9 | NA | 38.1 | 61.9 | NA |
| Thanseer et al,37 2017 | FCH PET-CT vs MIBI planar vs US | 100 | NA | NA | 76.4 | NA | 69.3 | NA | NA |
| Krakauer et al,109 2016 | MIBI planar vs DT (MIBI-I) vs 4D-CT | NA | NA | NA | 64.9 | 92.8 | NA | 57.7 | NA |
| Galvin et al,42 2016 | MIBI SPECT-CT vs 4D-CT | NA | NA | 43.1 | NA | NA | NA | 76.5 | NA |
| Heiba et al,110 2015 | MIBI SPECT-CT vs MIBI pinhole vs DT (MIBI-I) SPECT-CT | NA | NA | 68.0 | 18.3 | 92.8 | NA | NA | NA |
| Suh et al,111 2015 | MIBI SPECT-CT vs US vs 4D-CT | NA | NA | 84.2 | NA | NA | 84.2 | 92.1 | NA |
| Berner et al,112 2015 | DT (MIBI-Tc) SPECT-CT vs US | NA | NA | NA | NA | 70.6 | 60.3 | NA | NA |
| Ozkaya et al,113 2015 | MIBI SPECT vs US | NA | NA | 85.3 | NA | NA | 72.5 | NA | NA |
| D’Agostino et al,114 2013 | DT (MIBI-I) SPECT-CT vs CT | NA | NA | NA | NA | 65.5 | NA | 58.6 | NA |
| Shafiei et al,115 2012 | MIBI SPECT-CT vs MIBI planar | NA | NA | 77.6 | 59.2 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Agha et al,116 2012 | MIBI planar vs CE-US vs MRI | NA | NA | NA | 80.6 | NA | 100 | NA | 71.0 |
| Eichhorn-Wharry et al,117 2011 | MIBI SPECT vs 4D-CT | NA | NA | 50.0 | NA | NA | NA | 61.6 | NA |
| Ho Shon et al,118 2008 | MIBI SPECT vs MIBI pinhole vs DT (MIBI-Tc) SPECT | NA | NA | 53.8 | 80.8 | 65.4 | NA | NA | NA |
| Nichols et al,119 2008 | MIBI SPECT vs MIBI planar vs DT (MIBI-Tc) pinhole | NA | NA | 83.0 | 83.5 | 80.1 | NA | NA | NA |
| Carlier et al,120 2008 | MIBI pinhole SPECT vs DT (MIBI-Tc) vs US | NA | NA | 87.3 | NA | 76.4 | 50.9 | NA | NA |
| Taïeb et al,121 2007 | MIBI SPECT vs DT (MIBI-I) pinhole vs US | NA | NA | 77.8 | NA | 86.1 | 77.8 | NA | NA |
| Rodgers et al,122 2006 | MIBI SPECT-CT vs US vs 4D-CT | NA | NA | 32.8 | NA | NA | 29.7 | 70.3 | NA |
| Kebapci et al,123 2004 | MIBI planar vs US | NA | NA | NA | 73.2 | NA | 83.9 | NA | NA |
| Wakamatsu et al,124 2003 | MIBI planar vs DT (MIBI-I) vs US vs MRI | NA | NA | NA | 37.8 | 51.1 | 46.7 | NA | 42.2 |
| Wakamatsu et al,125 2001 | DT (TF-Tc, MIBI-Tc, Tl-Tc) vs US vs MRI | NA | NA | NA | NA | 50.0 | 50.0 | NA | 48.5 |
| Ho Shon et al,126 2001 | MIBI planar vs DT (MIBI-Tc) | NA | NA | NA | 75.6 | 88.5 | NA | NA | NA |
| De Feo et al,127 2000 | MIBI planar vs US vs CT vs MRI | NA | NA | NA | 70.8 | NA | 66.7 | NA | 50.0 |
| Takami et al,128 1999 | MIBI planar vs DT (Tl-Tc) vs US vs CT | NA | NA | NA | 90.7 | 63.0 | 85.2 | 55.6 | NA |
| Gallowitsch et al,129 1997 | TF SPECT vs TF planar vs US | NA | NA | 94.4 | 69.4 | NA | 72.2 | NA | NA |
| Chen et al,130 1997 | MIBI SPECT vs MIBI planar vs DT (MIBI-Tc) | NA | NA | 80.3 | 78.9 | 74.3 | NA | NA | NA |
| Arkles et al,131 1996 | DT (Tl-Tc) vs US | NA | NA | NA | NA | 81.0 | 76.0 | NA | NA |
| Liou et al,132 1996 | DT (Tl-Tc) vs US | NA | NA | NA | NA | 87.5 | 75.0 | NA | NA |
| Billy et al,133 1995 | MIBI planar vs US | NA | NA | NA | 83.3 | NA | 50.0 | NA | NA |
| Gallacher et al,134 1993 | DT (Tl-Tc) vs US | NA | NA | NA | NA | 41.7 | 37.5 | NA | NA |
| Whelan et al,135 1989 | US vs MRI | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 50.0 | NA | 65.0 |
| Summers et al,136 1989 | DT (Tl-Tc) vs US | NA | NA | NA | NA | 59.0 | 53.8 | NA | NA |
| Roses et al,137 1989 | DT (Tl-Tc) vs US vs CT | NA | NA | NA | NA | 48.8 | 34.1 | 41.5 | NA |
| Gooding et al,138 1986 | DT (Tl-Tc) vs US | NA | NA | NA | NA | 77.3 | 81.8 | NA | NA |
| Winzelberg et al,139 1985 | DT (Tl-Tc) vs US | NA | NA | NA | NA | 91.7 | 75.0 | NA | NA |
Abbreviations: CE-US, contrast enhanced ultrasonography; CT, computed tomography; DT, dual tracer; FCH, F 18 fluorocholine; I, iodine 123; MET, carbon 11–labeled methionine; MIBI, technetium 99m sestamibi; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; NA, not applicable; PET, positron emission tomography; SPECT, single-photon emission computed tomography; Tc, technetium 99m pertechnetate; TF, technetium 99m tetrofosmin; Tl, thallium 201; US, ultrasonography; 4D-CT, 4-dimensional CT.
Imaging modalities without available direct comparison data were excluded. MIBI SPECT includes MIBI SPECT-CT, MIBI pinhole SPECT, MIBI SPECT and contrast-enhanced CT, TF SPECT, and TF SPECT-CT; MIBI planar includes MIBI pinhole-TF planar; dual tracer includes MIBI-Tc subtraction, MIBI-I subtraction, TF-Tc subtraction, and Tl-Tc subtraction with planar, pinhole, SPECT, or SPECT-CT; US includes CE-US; and CT includes 4D-CT.