Table 2.
Factors associated with rCFR of COVID-19 using beta regression model
| Variables | Before peak* | After peak† | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IRR | 95% CI | P value | IRR | 95% CI | P value | |
| The percentage of people aged 65 and above | 1.05 | 1.02–1.08 | < 0.001 | 1.01 | 0.98–1.03 | 0.749 |
| Population density | 1.01 | 1.01–1.02 | 0.006 | 1.01 | 1.01–1.02 | 0.028 |
| COVID-19 total tests (/1000) | 0.98 | 0.98–0.99 | 0.002 | 0.99 | 0.98–1.01 | 0.144 |
| GHSI | 1.01 | 0.98–1.02 | 0.778 | 1.03 | 1.01–1.05 | 0.002 |
| GDP | 1.01 | 1.01–1.02 | < 0.001 | 1.01 | 1.01–1.02 | < 0.001 |
| WGI | 0.54 | 0.45–0.65 | < 0.001 | 0.63 | 0.49–0.82 | < 0.001 |
| Obesity (%) | 1.01 | 1.01–1.03 | 0.031 | 1.01 | 1.00–1.03 | 0.104 |
| Adjusted pseudo-R2 | 0.54 | 0.37 | ||||
CI = confidence interval; GDP = Gross Domestic Product; GHSI = Global Health Security Index; IRR = incidence rate ratio; rCFR = reported case fatality rate; WGI = Worldwide Governance Indicators. The IRR of 1.05 for the “percentage of people aged 65 and above” indicates that countries with 1% additional people ≥ 65 years old have an increased risk of rCFR by 5%. The data were collected for the dates of April 26, 2020 for the pre-peak period and December 31, 2020 for post-peak period. The values in bold letter indicate significant at 5% level.
Before peak = COVID-19 data from 1st week to 17th week (April 22–28, 2020).
After peak = COVID-19 data from 18th week (after peak week) to 53rd week (December 29–31, 2020).