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Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α in the presence of plasma stimulates RNA transcription in latently infected cells. Levels of J-Lat (A) and ACH-2 (B) human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) RNA per HIV-1 DNA were measured in the presence or absence of 5-ng/mL TNF-α and plasma from younger (gray circles) or older (black squares) people with HIV. Black bars represent medians with interquartile range. *P < .05; †P < .001.
