Table 1.
Demographic and anthropometric characteristics of study participants
| n (%) or Mean ± SD | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | Girls | Boys | P value | |
| City district | 0.472a | |||
| High SES district | 327 (52.2) | 168 (54.0) | 159 (50.5) | |
| Middle SES district | 154 (24.6) | 70 (22.5) | 84 (26.7) | |
| Low SES district | 145 (23.2) | 73 (23.5) | 72 (22.9) | |
| School type | 0.459a | |||
| Public | 441 (70.4) | 218 (70.1) | 223 (70.8) | |
| Private | 185 (29.6) | 93 (29.9) | 92 (29.2) | |
| Major | < 0.001 a | |||
| Literature and Humanities | 144 (23.0) | 89 (28.6) | 55 (17.5) | |
| Natural Sciences | 215 (34.3) | 127 (40.8) | 88 (27.9) | |
| Mathematics | 267 (42.7) | 95 (30.5) | 172 (54.6) | |
| Father education | 0.389a | |||
| Illiterate | 11 (1.8) | 7 (2.3) | 4 (1.3) | |
| Less than high-school diploma | 127 (20.3) | 56 (20.9) | 62 (19.7) | |
| High-school diploma | 290 (46.3) | 152 (48.9) | 138 (43.8) | |
| Associate degree or bachelor | 136 (21.7) | 60 (19.3) | 76 (24.1) | |
| MSc or PhD | 61 (9.7) | 27 (8.7) | 34 (10.8) | |
| Dead | 1 (0.2) | 0 | 1 (0.3) | |
| Mother education | 0.492a | |||
| Illiterate | 15 (2.4) | 7 (2.3) | 8 (2.5) | |
| Less than high-school diploma | 130 (20.8) | 72 (23.2) | 58 (18.4) | |
| High-school diploma | 319 (51.0) | 159 (51.1) | 160 (50.8) | |
| Associate degree or bachelor | 138 (22.0) | 61 (19.6) | 77 (24.4) | |
| MSc or PhD | 24 (3.8) | 12 (3.9) | 12 (3.8) | |
| Father job positionc | 0.389a | |||
| Unemployed | 9 (1.4) | 4 (1.3) | 5 (1.6) | |
| Worker | 77 (12.3) | 40 (12.9) | 37 (117) | |
| Clerk | 151 (24.1) | 69 (22.2) | 82 (26.0) | |
| Self-employed jobs | 232 (37.1) | 114 (36.7) | 118 (37.5) | |
| High income jobs | 69 (11.0) | 43 (13.8) | 26 (8.3) | |
| Retired | 73 (11.7) | 33 (10.6) | 40 (12.7) | |
| Dead or divorced | 15 (2.4) | 8 (2.6) | 7 (2.2) | |
| Mother job positionc | 0.193a | |||
| Unemployed | 522 (83.4) | 261 (83.9) | 261 (82.9) | |
| Worker | 8 (1.3) | 6 (1.9) | 2 (0.6) | |
| Clerk | 68 (10.9) | 27 (8.7) | 41 (13.0) | |
| Self-employed jobs | 14 (2.2) | 7 (2.3) | 7 (2.2) | |
| High income jobs | 6 (1.0) | 5 (1.6) | 1 (0.3) | |
| Retired | 7 (1.1) | 4 (1.3) | 3 (1.0) | |
| Dead or divorced | 1 (0.2) | 1 (3.0) | 0 | |
| Weight status (based on BMI-for-age Z-scores) | 0.009a | |||
| Normal weight (z-scores <1SD) | 337 (56.4) | 177 (61) | 160 (51.9) | |
| Overweight (1SD ≤ z-scores <2SD) | 147 (24.6) | 71 (24.8) | 75 (24.4) | |
| Obese (z-scores ≥2SD) | 114 (19.1) | 41 (14.1) | 73 (23.7) | |
| Nutrition related diseased | < 0.001a | |||
| Don’t have | 259 (83.3) | 292 (92.7) | 551 (88) | |
| Have | 52 (16.7) | 23 (7.3) | 75 (12) | |
| Nutrition related disease in familyd | < 0.001a | |||
| Don’t have | 187 (60.1) | 244 (77.5) | 431 (68.8) | |
| Have | 124 (39.9) | 71 (22.5) | 195 (31.2) | |
| Academic performance (GPA)e | 14.90 ± 2.64 | 13.1 ± 3.16 | 14.00 ± 3.05 | < 0.001b |
| SES score (factor score)f | −0.017 ± 0.98 | 0.016 ± 1.01 | 0.00 ± 1.00 | 0.67b |
| Student age (Yr.) | 17.82 ± 0.39 | 17.79 ± 0.37 | 17.85 ± 0.41 | 0.093b |
| Father age (Yr.) | 48.62 ± 5.54 | 48.49 ± 5.46 | 48.75 ± 5.62 | 0.563b |
| Mother age (Yr.) | 43.18 ± 5.25 | 43.48 ± 5.25 | 42.89 ± 5.24 | 0.163b |
a Chi-squared test
b Student’s t-test
cWorkers are defined as people who may not have a permanent jobt and income (low-income job); Clerks are those who employed in an office or company with a consistent income (relatively low income); self-employed jobs such as shopkeepers, barbers, car mechanics, etc.; high-income jobs included factory owner, Jewelry storeowner, etc.
dNutrition related disease; suffering from diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, cardiovascular diseases and cancer
eGPA: grade point average (within potential range of 0 to 20)
fSES has been calculated using principal component analysis (the factor score saved as the SES variable)