Table 1.
Characteristics of included studies
| Study | Year | Country | Study size | follow-up period (week) | Mean age (mean ± SD if available) | Sex N (%) females |
Hypertensive status | Medication | Compliance evaluation | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hermida et al. | 2009 | Spain | 238 | 8 | 53.3 ± 11.4 | 130 (55%) | Grade 1 or 2 essential hypertensiona | Nifedipine-GITS (CCB) | Tablet counts and interviews | ①②③④⑤⑥⑦⑨ |
| Hoshino et al. | 2010 | Japan | 31 | 32 | 69 ± 11 | 19 (61%) | Essential hypertensionb | Olmesartan + Amlodipine (CCB + ARB) | Not mention | ①②③④⑤⑥⑦ |
| Acelajado et al. | 2012 | USA | 38 | 8 | 51.7 ± 11.6 | 17 (46%) | Grade 1 or 2 essential hypertensiona | Nebivolol (β-blocker) | Professional instruction | ① |
| Peng et al. | 2013 | China | 54 | 8 | 58.3 ± 10.7 | 26 (48%) | Grade 1 or 2 essential hypertensiona and 24 h mean ambulatory blood pressure more than more than 130 / 80 mm Hg | Telmisartan + Amlodipine (CCB + ARB) | Not mention | ②③④⑤⑥⑦ |
| Zhang et al. | 2014 | China | 156 | 8 | 56.3 ± 6.1 | 92 (59%) | Essential hypertensionb | Amlodipine + Losartan (CCB + ARB) | Not mention | ①②③④⑤⑥⑦ |
| Dion et al. | 2015 | Germany, Spain, France, Italy and the Netherlands | 639 | 12 | 61.6 ± 10.6 | 281 (44%) | Grade 1 or 2 essential hypertensiona and 24 h mean ambulatory BP (maBP) more than 130/80 mmHg | Valsartan (ARB) | Professional instruction | ①②③④⑤⑥⑦⑧⑨⑩ |
| Lai et al. | 2015 | China | 120 | 2 | 60.6 ± 5.3 | 55 (46%) | Essential hypertensionb | Losartan (ARB) | Not mention | ① |
| Qiao et al. | 2015 | China | 108 | 4 | 64.7 ± 8.3 | 62 (57%) | Essential hypertensionb | Candesartan (ARB) | Not mention | ①④⑤⑥⑦ |
| Zhao et al. | 2015 | China | 244 | 48 | 74.5 ± 9.1 | 104 (43%) | Essential hypertensionb | Nifedipine-GITS (CCB) | Interviews every two weeks | ①②③④⑤⑥⑦⑧ |
| Li et al. | 2016 | China | 96 | 12 | 65.1 ± 9.4 | 49 (51%) | Essential hypertensionb | Enalapril (ACEI) | Not mention | ①②③④⑤⑥⑦ |
① MBPS, ② 24 h SBP, ③ 24 h DBP, ④ daytime SBP, ⑤ daytime DBP, ⑥ night-time SBP, ⑦ night-time DBP, ⑧ overall adverse effects, ⑨ withdrawals due to adverse effects, ⑩ serious adverse effects
MBPS, morning blood pressure surge; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; CCB, calcium channel blockers;β-blockers, beta-antagonists; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blockers; ACEI, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors; GITS, gastrointestinal therapeutic system formulation
aAccording to European Society of Hypertension–European Society of Cardiology guidelines: systolic blood pressure 140–179 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure 90–109 mmHg
bAccording to Chinese guidelines for the management of hypertension: Systolic blood pressure more than 140 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure more than 90 mmHg