. 2020 Sep 2;222(Suppl 5):S218–S229. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa318

Table 2.

Sensitivity of Self-Reported Illicit Drug Use Estimates From Research Studies in Nondrug-Treatment Settings

Study	Year	Study Population Description	Self-Report Sensitivity, Proportion (n Reported Use/n With Drug Detected)			Sample Collected for Gold Standard	Biomarker(s) Used for Gold Standard	Duration Used for Self-Report	Notes
			Methamphetamine	Cocaine	Heroin
White et al [46]	2010–2012	454 black MSM aged 18–40 y from Atlanta area	1.0 (2/2)^a	0.54 (19/35)	0.0 (0/0)^b	Urine	Cocaine: benzoylecgonine. Heroin/opiates: morphine Methamphetamine: D-methamphetamine	Past 12 mo
		349 white MSM aged 18–40 y from Atlanta area	0.82 (9/11) ^a	0.84 (16/19)	NA
Ledgerwood et al [43]	1996–1997	839 middle-aged men from a cohort of individuals deployed to Vietnam and a matched nonveteran group, 16.3% black, 78.2% white	0.44^c	0.46^c	0.78^b,c	Hair	Cocaine: cocaine, benzoylecgonine, or cocaethylene Opiates: codeine, morphine glucuronide, or 6-acetylmorphine Methamphetamine: amphetamine and methamphetamine Radioimmunoassay, GC-MS. 5 ng drug/10 g hair cutoff for GC-MS testing	Past 90 d	50% of veterans screened positive for drugs at enrollment in 1971^c
Fendrich et al [40]	2001–2002	627 Chicago residents aged 18–40 y selected by multistage area probability design: 42.8% aged 18–25 y; 25.5% aged 26–30y ; 31.8% aged 31–40 y; 35.6% black; 33.2% white; 22.1% Hispanic; 9.2% other	NA (tested for amphetamine, only 2 tested positive, both for MDMA)	Hair: 0.24^c Saliva: 0.40^c Urine: 0.46^c	Hair: 0.38^c Saliva: 0.60^c Urine: 0.25^c	Hair, saliva, and urine	Heroin: monoacetyl morphine or morphine Substances screened for drugs, then the samples that screened positive were tested by GC-MS	Past year
				Hair: 0.22^c Saliva: 0.30^c Urine: 0.35^c	Hair: 0.38^c Saliva: 0.60^c Urine: 0.25^c			Past 90 d
				Hair: 0.14^c Saliva: 0.30^c Urine: 0.30^c	Hair: 0.38^c Saliva: 0.60^c Urine: 0.25^c			Past 30 d
Li et al [44]	2015–2017	1029 individuals aged 16–29 y, assigned male at birth from the Chicago, IL area who identify as gay or bisexual and/or reported sex with a man in the last 12 mo; 34.1% black, 24.9% white, 29.8% Hispanic	0.33^c	0.37^c	0.27^b,c	Urine	Methamphetamine: D-methamphetamine (500 ng/L) Cocaine: benzoylegonine (150 ng/L) Heroin: morphine (300 ng/L)	Window period lower limit methamphetamine: 3 d, cocaine: 1 d, opiates: 1 d
			0.28^c	0.24^c	0.27^b,c			Window period upper limit methamphetamine: 5 d, cocaine: 3 d, opiates: 4 d
			0.44^c	0.53^c	0.727^b,c			Past 6 mo
			0.39^c	0.50^c	0.64^b,c			Past 30 d
Garg et al [41]	2012	83 pregnant women from New Mexico; 80% Latina; 7% American Indian; 13% other	0.37^a,c	0.33^c	0.478^b,c	Urine	Not specified	Occasional use (once per month or less)	Women were selected on history of substance abuse^c
				0.29^c	0.17^b,c			Regular use (more frequently than once per month)
Rendon et al [45]	2014–2015	334 adults aged 18 y and older from Fort Worth, TX with mental health problems and living in supportive housing	0.44 (8/18)	0.44 (21/48)	NA	Saliva	Not specified	Past 72 h
			0.67^c	0.60^c				Past 90 d
Kim et al [42]	1999	290 black men aged 18–55 y from inner-city Baltimore with documented hypertension or currently taking antihypertensive medications	0.47 (42/89)			Urine	Not specified	Past 7 d	Drugs tested for were not specified^c

Abbreviations: GC-MS, gas chromatography mass spectrometry; MDMA, 3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine; MSM, men who have sex with men; NA, not available.

^aAll amphetamines, not just methamphetamine.

^bAll opiates, not just heroin.

^cn not available.