Table 1.
TJ molecules expression in AR patients versus normal subjects, or in murine AR models.
| TJs | Protein members | Samples | Exposure | Changes in the expression of TJs |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Occludin | OCLN | Nasal mucosa tissue of HDM-challenged mice | Anti-IL-4 antibody | Upregulated (7) |
| Human PNECs with AR | No treatment | Downregulated (33) | ||
| Human nasal mucosa tissue of HDM-induced AR | No treatment | Downregulated (7) | ||
| NECs of HDM-induced AR patients | No treatment | Downregulated (34) | ||
| Normal PNECs | IL-4 | Downregulated (33) | ||
| Normal PNECs | DEPs | Downregulated (38, 40) | ||
| Normal HNECs | PM2.5 | Downregulated (44, 46) | ||
| Normal PNECs | Fungi from Alternaria sp. | Downregulated (61) | ||
| Normal HNECs | miR-125b vs. miR-125b inhibitor | Downregulated/upregulated (62) | ||
| Claudins | CLDN1 | Nasal mucosa tissue of pollen-challenged mice | With rh Cystatin SN vs. without rh Cystatin SN | Downregulated/Unchanged (36) |
| Human nasal mucosa tissue with AR | No treatment | Downregulated (7, 35) | ||
| Normal RHECs | IL-4 and IL-13 | Downregulated (85) | ||
| Normal PNECs | DEPs | Downregulated (38, 40) | ||
| Normal HNECs | PM2.5 | Downregulated (44, 46) | ||
| Normal HNECs/NECs of rats with AR | Der p 1 | Downregulated (32, 62) | ||
| CLDN4 | Human nasal mucosa tissue with AR | No treatment | Downregulated (7, 35) | |
| HNECs with AR | No treatment | Downregulated (37) | ||
| NECs with AR | HDAC | Downregulated (129) | ||
| CLDN3 | NECs of HDM-induced AR patients | No treatment | Downregulated (34) | |
| CLDN7 | Human nasal mucosa tissue with AR | No treatment | Downregulated (35) | |
| NECs of HDM-induced AR patients | No treatment | Downregulated (34) | ||
| CLDN8 | Human nasal mucosa tissue with AR | No treatment | Downregulated (35) | |
| CLDN12 | Human nasal mucosa tissue with AR | No treatment | Downregulated (35) | |
| CLDN13 | Human nasal mucosa tissue with AR | No treatment | Downregulated (35) |
HNECs, human nasal epithelial cells; PNECs, primary nasal epithelial cells; rh, recombinant human; RHECs, reconstructed human epidermis cells; NECs, nasal epithelial cells; HDAC, histone deacetylases; miR, microRNA; DEPs, diesel exhaust particles; PM2.5, particulate matter ≤2.5 μm; Der p 1, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus 1.