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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Jun 4.
Published in final edited form as: J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2020 Mar 4;8(5):1532–1549.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2020.02.023

FIGURE 2.

FIGURE 2.

The type 2 immune cascade in sinonasal mucosa with its inflammatory consequences and with biologic targets and examples of potential therapeutics. Molecules in red represent mAbs (biologics). Note that dupilumab has already received approval for CRSwNP, whereas omalizumab and mepolizumab are currently in phase 3 development. Parasites are illustrated as another stimulus for type 2 immune responses, but have not been implicated in the pathogenesis of CRSwNP. CRTH2, Chemoattractant receptor-homologous molecule expressed on TH2 cells; DC, dendritic cell; DP2, prostaglandin D2 receptor 2; ILC2, group 2 innate lymphoid cell; LTC4, leukotriene C4; PGD2, prostaglin D2; PGD2R, prostaglin D2 receptor; ST2, suppression of tumorigenicity 2; TSLP, thymic stromal lymphopoietin. Modified with permission from Hulse et al.62