Table 4. Bivariable and multivariable logistic regression analysis of factors associated with depressive symptoms in patients with COVID-19.
| Variables | Depressive symptoms | p value | COR (95% CI) | p value | AOR (95% CI) † | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No n (%) | Yes n (%) | |||||||
| Socioeconomic factors | ||||||||
| Sex | ||||||||
| Female | 31 (68.9) | 14 (31.1) | 1 | |||||
| Male | 56 (57.7) | 41 (42.3) | 0.21 | 1.62 (0.77–3.43) | ||||
| Age | ||||||||
| < 40 years | 62 (71.3) | 25 (28.7) | 1 | 1 | ||||
| ≥ 40 years | 25 (45.5) | 30 (54.5) | <0.01 | 2.98 (1.47–6.02) | <0.01 | 2.99 (1.36–6.59) | ||
| Education | ||||||||
| University and graduate | 32 (65.3) | 17 (34.7) | 1 | |||||
| High school education and below | 55 (59.1) | 38 (40.9) | 0.47 | 1.30 (0.63–2.67) | ||||
| Occupation | ||||||||
| Dependent | 21 (70.0) | 9 (30.0) | 1 | |||||
| Employed | 66 (58.9) | 46 (41.1) | 0.27 | 1.63 (0.68–3.87) | ||||
| Household size | ||||||||
| ≥ 4 | 52 (75.4) | 17 (24.6) | 1 | 1 | ||||
| < 4 | 35 (47.9) | 38 (52.1) | <0.01 | 3.32 (1.63–6.79) | <0.01 | 3.45 (1.46–8.15) | ||
| Monthly family income | ||||||||
| > 400,000 kyats | 48 (73.8) | 17 (26.2) | 1 | 1 | ||||
| ≤ 400,000 kyats | 39 (50.6) | 38 (49.4) | <0.01 | 2.75 (1.35–5.60) | 0.04 | 2.38 (1.02–5.54) | ||
| Smoking | ||||||||
| No | 83 (63.8) | 47 (36.2) | 1 | |||||
| Yes | 4 (33.3) | 8 (66.7) | 0.04 | 3.53 (1.01–12.36) | ||||
| Alcohol | ||||||||
| No | 83 (62.4) | 50 (37.6) | 1 | |||||
| Yes | 4 (44.4) | 5 (55.6) | 0.29 | 2.08 (0.53–8.09) | ||||
| Comorbidity | ||||||||
| No | 79 (64.8) | 43 (35.2) | 1 | |||||
| Yes | 8 (40.0) | 12 (60.0) | 0.04 | 2.76 (1.05–7.26) | ||||
| Epidemic-related factors | ||||||||
| Contact history | ||||||||
| No | 41 (64.1) | 23 (35.9) | 1 | |||||
| Yes | 46 (59.0) | 32 (41.0) | 0.54 | 1.24 (0.63–2.45) | ||||
| Infection to family members | ||||||||
| No | 69 (69.0) | 31 (31.0) | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Yes | 18 (42.9) | 24 (57.1) | <0.01 | 2.97 (1.41–6.24) | <0.01 | 4.18 (1.74–10.07) | ||
| Presenting symptom | ||||||||
| Asymptomatic | 33 (71.7) | 13 (28.3) | 1 | |||||
| Symptomatic | 54 (56.3) | 42 (43.8) | 0.08 | 1.97 (0.93–4.21) | ||||
| Psychological factors | ||||||||
| Psychological history | ||||||||
| No | 87 (62.1) | 53 (37.9) | ||||||
| Yes | 0 (0.0) | 2 (100.0) | ||||||
| Psychological history in family members | ||||||||
| No | 84 (61.3) | 53 (38.7) | 1 | |||||
| Yes | 3 (60.0) | 2 (40.0) | 0.95 | 1.06 (0.17–6.53) | ||||
| Psychosocial supports | ||||||||
| Social support | ||||||||
| Yes | 60 (65.9) | 31 (34.1) | 1 | |||||
| No | 27 (52.9) | 24 (47.1) | 0.13 | 1.72 (0.85–3.47) | ||||
| Mental support | ||||||||
| Yes | 68 (67.3) | 33 (32.7) | 1 | |||||
| No | 19 (46.3) | 22 (53.7) | 0.02 | 2.39 (1.14–5.01) | ||||
COR: crude odds ratio, AOR: adjusted odds ratio.
† All variables with p < 0.05 in bivariable analysis were included in multivariable regression model.