Fig 2. Respiration rate and body temperature in dams and dairy calves.

Dam’s (A) respiration rate (inhalations/min) recorded twice a week for 6 weeks prior to calving, and (B) vaginal temperature recorded every 10-min during weeks 6, 4 and 2 prior to calving illustrated as the LSM of the treatment. Dairy calves’ (C) respiration rate and (D) rectal temperature measured daily at 1300 h across the pre-weaning period (56 d) illustrated as the LSM of the treatment (left-graph) and as the LSMs of the treatment by day interaction (right-graph). Dairy calves were exposed to heat stress (HS; n = 6) or heat stress abatement (CL; n = 6) across pre- and postnatal phases (late gestation and pre-weaning) for a total of 102 d. Blue and red bars with horizontal white lines denote CL dams (prenatal CL exposure) and HS dams (prenatal HS exposure), respectively, whereas blue and red bars denote dairy calves’ postnatal CL and HS exposure, respectively. No treatment by day interaction effects were found between dam’s or calves respiration rate or body temperatures (P > 0.15). (*) indicate significance (P ≤ 0.05). Data was adapted from Dado-Senn and colleagues, 2020 [1].