Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2021 Jun 4;7(23):eabe2626. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.abe2626

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

Copyright © 2021 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial License 4.0 (CC BY-NC).

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial license, which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, so long as the resultant use is not for commercial advantage and provided the original work is properly cited.

PMC Copyright notice

Fig. 5 — (A and B) repo-Gal4,UAS-Dcr2 > UAS-kis^RNAi-1 (blue, n = 6 to 7) exhibit decreased dopamine at ZT18 (P = 0.0028) and ≥2-fold increased serotonin at ZT6 (P = 0.0077) and ZT18 (P = 0.0004) compared to controls (black, n = 7). (C) Scheme of the larval digestive tract and serotonergic innervations. (D) Representative images and (Di) quantification of α-serotonin immunolabeling. SPG kismet knockdown (R54C07-Gal4 > UAS-kis^RNAi-1, orange, n = 8) causes increased serotonin in distal innervations (arrowheads) and diffuses signal in the proventriculus (P = 0.037) and anterior midgut (P = 0.0002) compared to controls (black, n = 8). Scale bars, 50 μm. (E) Serotonin metabolism in Drosophila and used approaches to manipulating it. (F, G, and J) Sleep profiles and/or quantification. (Fi, Gi, and Ji) Average duration and (Jii) number of sleep bouts during LP (ZT0 to ZT12) and DP (ZT12 to ZT24). (F and Fi) Pan-glial knockdown (repo-Gal4,UAS-Dcr2 > UAS-kis^RNAi-1, dark blue, n = 32) fed with αMTP during development (light blue, n = 49), but not adulthood (light blue dotted, n = 30), shows restored TST and sleep bout duration to vehicle-reared controls (black, n = 41). (G and Gi) Increasing serotonin in wild type (hatched black, n = 72) by developmental 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) feeding leads to decreased sleep due to significantly reduced sleep bout length compared to vehicle-fed animals (black, n = 70), phenocopying kismet knockdown (blue, n = 62). (H) Temperature program for thermogenetically controlled larval sleep recordings: (I to Iii) Thermogenetic activation of serotonergic neurons [Trh-Gal4(II) > UAS-dTrpA1, green, n = 37] leads to decreased sleep amount (P < 0.0001), bout length (P < 0.0001), and number (P = 0.035 and P = 0.02, respectively) compared to parental controls (Trh-Gal4(II)/+, n = 29; UAS-dTripA1/+, n = 28). (J to Jii) SPG AANAT1 knockdown (SPG-Gal4 > UAS-AANAT1^RNAi-1, n = 97) leads to decreased total sleep (P < 0.0001) and bout length (P < 0.0001) compared to controls (SPG-Gal4/+, n = 125; UAS-AANAT1^RNAi-1/+, n = 37). Data are represented as means ± SEM, except (Di) represented as means ± 95% confidence interval. (A, B, and Di): Two-tailed unpaired Welch’s t test. (F, Fi, G, Gi, H, I, Ii, and Iii): Kruskal-Wallis test with Dunn’s correction. (J, Ji, and Jii): One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Bonferroni correction for multiple testing. P values: *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ***P < 0.001. n.s., not significant. See fig. S7.