Fig. 5.

FNP number and size dependence. (a) Representative simulation snapshots showing the membrane internalization of a BNP with the help of two FNPs. (b) Time-evolutions of the NP-NP distance and the membrane internalization degree of a BNP. Background colours refer to the three stages. (c) Representative simulation snapshots showing the membrane internalization of a BNP with the help of 21 FNPs. In this case, the membrane size is 70 nm × 70 nm. (d) Correlation between the critical number of FNPs required for the internalization of a BNP and the FNP size. In all cases, ε_F = 3.5 kJ/mol, ε_B = 1.5 kJ/mol, ρ_F = ρ_B = 1.6 nm⁻², D_B =8 nm; in (a-c), D_F = 6 nm.